During his extraordinarily and eventful long reign, Pio Nono laid the ground work for the modern day papacy. He was the longest serving Pope to date with a reign of thirty one years. When his sovereignty was lost, his supporters rallied around him which resulted in the Papacy becoming more centralized within Rome. He was known as a politically conservative Pope who was adverse to the modern ideas, although he was also a reformer and innovator within the Catholic Church. The end of his reign sees the separation of the papacy from the world’s political powers. His infallible decision on the Immaculate Conception made lasting church history, while another contribution to him is the opening of Vatican one which resulted in the definition of Papal Infallibility. After his return from exile to Rome in 1850 Pio Nono had strengthen his ultra conservative views, he projected his condemnation of the Roman republic onto liberalism and modern civilization. This resulted in him punishing revolutionaries, refusing his people the right to vote and condemning any modern thinking. In his capacity as head of the Church, Pius IX adhered to the principles of the Ultramontanist thinking. Pius IX was seen by many as the enemy of the freedoms of the modern world and through his infamous Syllabus of Errors he condemned all that was right in modern thinking. In this Pius claimed for the Church the control of all culture and all science, and of the whole educational system. He rejected the liberty of faith, conscience and worship enjoyed by other creeds; and bade an easy farewell to the idea of tolerance. Pius IX was also the last Pope to rule as the Sovereign of the Papal States, which fell completely to Italian nationalist armies by 1870 and were... ... middle of paper ... ...Arthur, William. The Modern Jove; a Review of the Collected Speeches of Pio Nono. 1st ed. (London: Hamilton, Adams, 1873) Bulman, Raymond F, and Frederick J Parrella. From Trent to Vatican II. 1st ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.) Coppa, Frank J. Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli and Papal Politics in European Affairs. 1st ed. (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990) Duffy, Eamon. Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes. 3rd ed. (Wales: Yale University Press, 1997). Hales, E. E. Y. Pio Nono. 1st ed. (New York: P.J. Kenedy, 1954) Riccards, Michael P. Faith and Leadership. 1st ed. (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2012) Strachey, Lytton. Cornerstones: Portraits of Four Eminent Victorians. 1st ed. (London: Fireship Press, 2009) Tomkins, Stephen. A Short History of Christianity. 1st ed. (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2006)
Fulcher’s version of Urban II’s speech focuses firstly on the reprimands issued by Urban to the People of France for their infighting; He quotes Urban as addressing the council as being “Urged by necessity... come into these parts as an ambassador with a divine admonition” . He reports the Pope as complaining to ...
"Inquisition." In New Catholic Encyclopedia, edited by Berard L. Marthaler, 485-491. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2003.
· Lewis, CS. Mere Christianity. New York: Doubleday, 1982. · McBride, David. The Story of the Church.
Pope Urban II was sought by Alexius Comnenus, a Byzantine Emperor who wanted the papacy to help his army hold off the advancing Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor. The reason for Alexius Comnenus contacting the pope rather than another emperor or monarch wasn’t just the fact they were secular, but because the pope would have more power to persuade the people. The Gregorian movement in 1050-80 was ultimately was responsible for the new instilled power of the papacy’s position over nonreligious rulers. The pope agreed to aid the Byzantine emperor, but he also had his own agenda when it came to the military advances and the new power of his position. The papacy did not intend to only help the Byzantine Empire but to further save all of Christendom from being overrun.
Carleton- Munro, Dana. The Speech of Pope Urban II. At Clermont, 1095. The American Historical Review. 11. no. 2 (1906): 231.
Chapter one, ‘Beginnings at Assisi,’ offers a vivid description of the social, political, economic, cultural, demographic description of Assisi and its inhabitants. Here, the author describes the life of Francis and the situations and circumstances prompting his journey to spread the ideal gospel life to the world. This chapter is relevant in determining the circumstances that instigated a need for reforms in the Catholic Church. This chapter is applicable in my life because it offers insight on the fundamental Christian I can rely on in my daily life.
Dr. Jennifer DeSilva is a professor at Ball State University, as well as a contributor and editor of the book “Episcopal Reform and Politics in Early Modern Europe. ” Dr. DeSilva’s historical lens gravitates towards a Eurocentric view, including a focus on Italy between 1300-1700, Italy and the Papal Court, and the political, cultural, and social history of the Renaissance and Reformation. Dr. DeSilva’s also investigates the issues of identity-building, authority, and behavioral reform in early modern Europe. Her chapter, “The Absentee Bishop in Residence,” highlights larger interests and current research projects of DeSilva’s: The de’ Grassi family and the Holy Roman Church, in regards to the College of Cardinals. Due to my unfamiliarity with the topic of Absentee Bishops in Rome, it was initially difficult to decipher DeSilva’s argument. However, after thorough readings of the chapter, it is evident that Dr. DeSilva “seeks to uncover the connections that a single bishop, Paris de’ Grassi, established with his diocese in an effort to fulfill the contemporary call to reform the local church while managing his own absenteeism.”
Roles of the Catholic Church in Western civilization has been scrambled with the times past and development of Western society. Regardless of the fact that the West is no longer entirely Catholic, the Catholic tradition is still strong in Western countries. The church has been a very important foundation of public facilities like schooling, Western art, culture and philosophy; and influential player in religion. In many ways it has wanted to have an impact on Western approaches to pros and cons in numerous areas. It has over many periods of time, spread the teachings of Jesus within the Western World and remains a foundation of continuousness connecting recent Western culture to old Western culture.-
Walsh, M. & Davis, B. ed. Proclaiming Justice and Peace: Papal Documents from ‘Rerum Novarum’ through ‘Centesimus Annus’. London: Collins, 1991.
pope became the most authoritative figure in Rome, which helped him become not only a spiritual leader, but also a political figure.
Church History in Plain Language is written by Bruce L. Shelley. This work focuses on the history of Christianity from 6 B.C. to the current period. It covers some of Christianity’s greatest events, theologians, and the various subsection of Christianity. Other than the events leading up to the death of Jesus, I had very little knowledge of Christianity’s history. After reading through the book, I have gained understanding on the Christian Councils, scholasticism, Christendom, and modern trends of Christianity.
Lane, T. (2006). A concise history of christian thought (Completely ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.
"Documents of the II Vatican Council." Ecumenical Council Vatican II. Year of Faith. Web. 20 May 2014. .
Pollen, John Hungerford. "The Jesuits During the Interim (1773-1814)." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 23 Mar. 2014 .
Ullmann, Walter. A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages. 2nd ed. New York City, NY: Routledge, 2003.