Impact of Urbanization on Ground Water, and Microbial Quality
Brooke Blankenship
Wichita State University
Biology Colloquium
6 May 2014
Ground water, a precious natural resource, serves as the essential source for drinking water around the world. Groundwater can be polluted due to human activities, but is considered to be much cleaner than surface water. In areas of high population, the rate of groundwater removal is faster than it’s replenish. This paper will cover the article Impact of Urbanization on the Microbiological Quality of Ground Water - A Case Study of Visakhapatnam City, AP. India as a focus and introduction, discuss the effect of urbanization on ground water, identify sources of water pollution, and suggest methods for improvement.
In India, water quality is increasingly deteriorating. Fecal pollution can lead to an introduction of intestinal pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, Campylobacter, and Vibrio cholera. These may cause diseases that cause gastroenteritis, dysentery, cholera, typhoid fever, or meningitis. Polluted waters may also include viral pathogens (ex. hepatitis). Monitoring drinking water plays an important role because it reveals water quality and risks for outbreaks. The importance of this study was to assess water quality and then prove the necessity for prevention of water pollution along with disinfection of the groundwater before human consumption (Chandran 2013).
For the study, 25 groundwater samples were observed to measure microbial pollution as well as inspect for pathogens. The two common microbes targeted were Faecal coliform (FC) and Fecal streptococci (FS). The specific goal of the study was to find not only the amount of each in water samples, but also the rati...
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Reddy, R.K. (2009). General microbiology. New age 1, 1-6 http://water.columbia.edu/files/2012/06/FICCI_CWC_IndiaWaterCrisisPaper.pdf Perveen, S., Sen, R., Ghosh, M.(2012) India’s deepening water crisis. FICCI, 3-19 http://www.aces.edu/waterquality/articles/0121001/0121001.pdf Hairston, J. (2001) Urbanization and how it affects water quality. Alabama coop, 1-3
Elledge, M.F., McClatchey, M. (2013) India, urban sanitation, and the toilet challenge. RTI Press 9.13, 1-4 http://www.rti.org/pubs/rb-0006-1309-elledge.pdf http://orbit.dtu.dk/fedora/objects/orbit:113168/datastreams/file_9826908/content
Gozdereliler, E. (2012) Groundwater bacteria: diversity, activity and physiology of pesticide degradation at low concentrations. Geus 49-51
California recycling waste water
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/urban2/Urbwater.pdf
ABSTRACT: Water samples from local ponds and lakes and snow runoff were collected and tested for coliform as well as Escherichia coli. Humans as well as animals come into contact with these areas, some are used for recreational activities such as swimming and some are a source of drinking water for both animals and humans The main goal of this experiment was to see which lakes, snow run off and ponds tested positive for coliform or Escherichia coli and to come up with some reasoning as to why. It was found that the more remote pond with less contact contained the most Escherichia coli. However, another lake that many swim in and use as their drinking water indeed tested positive for a small amount of Escherichia coli. The two samples from the snow showed negative results for both coliform and Escherichia coli and the two more public ponds that aren’t as commonly used as a source of human drinking water but animal drinking water tested in the higher range for coliforms but in the little to no Escherichia coli range. It was concluded that the remote pond should be avoided as it’s not a safe source of drinking water for humans or animals. Other than that, the the other ponds are likely to be safe from Escherichia coli, but coliforms are a risk factor.
The presence of coliforms in a water supply can mean there is fecal contamination circulating in that water, which we tested for in this experiment. It is hypothesized that all of the water supplies will exhibit the presence of fecal coliforms, because they are all outside sources of water that have road runoff, sewage waste and animals defecating in them. We gathered several water samples and inoculated lactose broth with these water samples which tested for fermentation and helped determine if coliforms were present. Then if there was possible coliforms present, we placed them on either an Endo agar
Poverty creates ill- health because it forces people to live in environments that make them sick without clean water or adequate sanitation. Poverty denies people access to reliable health services and affordable medicines, and causes children to miss out on vaccinations which would be given routinely in more developed countries. Poverty creates illiteracy, leaving people poorly informed about health risks and forced into dangerous jobs that harm their health as well as poor choices when it comes to contraceptive use and children. Cities have become the best place to foster poverty amongst the outskirts of Mumbai. As cities grow so do the slums as well as more migrants from low socio economic status. Home to a rich culture, delicious food, a thriving economy, and over a billion people, India is a land of extremes: extreme wealth, but also extreme
For decades tourists and local beach goers have been flocking to Southern California in search of an inviting environment to relax and enjoy all the amenities a coastal climate has to offer. Yet despite the beauty and breathtaking atmosphere, many unforeseen factors may alter your perspective in regards to how frequently you visit these beach locations. In its current state many beach destinations surrounding the Orange County, California area are susceptible to urban runoff bringing copious amounts of pollution to the waterfront. As it stands urban runoff is attributing to the decline of water quality in numerous locations like Doheny Beach and Poche Beach, which for several years now have remained present on Heal the Bay’s Top 10 Beach Bummers list. With two of Orange Counties own beaches being present on the Top 10 list, it is now apparent that there is a breakdown in the system in regards to policies responsible for controlling runoff headed to the ocean.
Wohl, Anthony S. "Sanitation and Disease in Rich and Poor." Sanitation and Disease in Rich and Poor. 1989. Web. 02 Mar. 2014.
The human race needs three things to survive; air to breathe, food to eat, and water to drink. A large majority of the public thinks these resources are infinite and plentiful. What they fail to realize is that they are not infinite, air can become polluted, food can carry pesticides, and water can transmit diseases very easily. In order to keep these necessities safe, many companies are taking the initiative by trying to cut down on pollution and stop using harmful pesticides. Water, however is not getting enough attention, especially in urban areas. Framework exists for these urban areas to be able to have successful water management, but some countries cannot afford these ideas or simply do not want
In a 2014 report by the Indian government Planning Commission, it is estimated that 363 million Indians were living below the poverty line in 2011-12 (Ritika Katyal, 2015). Since many live under the poverty line, countless amounts of people have poor sanitation and poor health care facilities. Diseases are common in people living in poverty because of the lack of resources to maintain their bodies in combating the diseases. People living in poverty have to deal with poor sanitation conditions and this is usually the reason why many of them contract disease. Malnutrition can also be a leading cause of additional health issues.
This is because only a small part of the population, particularly in developing countries, have access to water of acceptable quality. It is estimated that in some countries only 20% of the rural population has water of satisfactory quality. Based on these statistics, it is clear the urgent need for awareness about caring for water use. Almost without realizing it, we are seriously jeopardizing this essential resource, not for us but for our children's children and their generations, aware that in other parts o...
Major efforts have been taken to protect the health of humans from contaminated water during recreation, especially swimming. For many years, waters have been tested for certain types of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) – bacteria commonly found in human and animal feces. While FIB generally do not cause human disease, FIB in the water may indicate the presence of feces and associated pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoans – organisms and agents which have also been found ...
Environmental pollution produces bacteria which results as diseases and disorders in humans, animals, agricultural plantations. The process of pollution occurs when toxins are released into the ground water from landfill sites, this pollution stays in the environment for hundreds of years, while they break dow...
There will growth of water born diseases increasing health hazards and degradation of environment and ecosystems. This affects the natural environment system leading to exaction of some species. And the due contamination of water can also lower the production of agriculture products and other economy activities will decrease. If there will more water bodies pollution it also has negative effects on its environment there decline of economy of the country. Since more of the country budget have invest on the health sectors. The country major users of water are agriculture, intensification hydropower and industrialization. Urbanization is another significant challenge. Rural-urban migration increases pressure on urban infrastructure and services and cause environmental problems which will lead to water pollution.
Johnson, Kay. “Indian Slums: 1 in 6 Indian City Dwellers Live in Conditions ‘Unfit for Human
Schueler, Thomas R. "Microbes and Urban Watersheds: Concentrations, Sources, & Pathways." Reprinted in The Practice of Watershed Protection. 2000. Center for Watershed Protection. Ellicott City, MD.
Have you ever had to walk miles away just to get clean drinking water, or don’t even not have access to clean drinking water? People all over the world, even in North America, don’t have access to clean drinking water or have to walk very far just to drink water. The main areas where this problem is prominent is in third world countries, and this is due to the lack of money and sanitation (Millions Lack Safe Water). Due to this lack of sanitation, water borne diseases can grow and infect people who consume it. Clean water is very important for life, and within this paper I will explain why we need it, how it can affect us, and what it will take to obtain clean water.
Indira, K., and Romit, S. n.d. Drinking water quality in rural India: Issues and approaches. http://www.waterawards.in/suggested-reading/wateraid-drinking-water-quality.pdf (accessed November 10, 2010).