Since 1991 former Soviet Republics faced numerous economic and political issues associated with their unpreparedness to a rapid transition to independence. This lead to deteriorating living conditions and overall falling level of social and economic development in the majority of Central Asian countries (Gubka 2011). Due to negative economic conditions and internal conflicts the “Central Asia region has become one of the regions with the highest migration rates in the world” (Gubka 2011, 66). High rates of unemployment and poverty indicators serve as the main forces pushing working age population out of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, which are the main migrants sending countries in the region (Delovarova, Shkapyak and Kukeyeva 2013). …show more content…
The work permit may be only received by an employer after submission of the official application to the local executive and a set of documents, which include: “a list of the job qualifications set for each position; certificate stating availability of applicants for vacant positions from the regional database; information, where applicable, on compliance with previously issued permits; justification for the number of migrant workers requested etc.” (Dave 2013, 8). Such procedure often takes a long period of time and appears time-consuming and unfavourable for employers. Furthermore, the corruption existent in executive agencies creates a sense of distrust between the government and employers and prevents the latter from applying for the labour legalization. In addition, the Kazakh migration policy per se is unclear, as it does not clearly define the term “illegal migration” and does not provide any sufficient information on how migrants may receive registration, residency or citizenship (Dave 2013). Thus, the fact that legalization of migrants in undesirable for employers due to the complexity of the procedure and lack of comprehensible documentation that does not allow migrants undergo the procedure contribute to the high number of illegal migrants in the …show more content…
Although, these organizations cooperate with the governments and aim to improve lives of migrants, their efforts remain inefficient. According to Dave (2013), only between 2 and 3 per cent of migrants in Kazakhstan appeal to NGOs or IOM. Moreover, those who seek help have often already become victims of human trafficking or sexual exploitation, which is the outcome of their illegal status. This suggests that migrants are mainly unaware of NGOs and international organizations functioning for their sake, which makes organizations unable to assist migrants and promote their rights. In addition, the dependent position of organizations themselves makes their work limited, as they encounter corruption and deliberate reluctance of states to improve the situation (Dave
Firstly to justify why countries limit their immigrations, there should be knowledge of the different types of immigrants as there are different reasons to leave from one country and move into another. In the last 30 years, the number of international immigrants has been estimated 191 million worldwide, two times as before. As ...
Gozdziak, E.M. and E, C. 2005. A Review Of Literature. International Migration. [online] Available at: EBSCOhost [Accessed: 20 Nov 2013].
African-American history in the Twentieth Century is best summarized by both the Civil Rights Movement, and the lesser known Great Migration, in which a large number of them made a move north, west, or overseas, between the years of 1910 and 1940. The broadest reason for this movement is the Jim Crow laws of the south, in which many of the regulations that were harmful towards those parties, whom were already affected by the institution of slavery within recent memory, were instituted. However, this is far from the only cause, of which there are many that span a wide range of reasons: the WWI economic boom, geographic mobility, and the racial antagonism faced on a widespread basis. The actual migration of African-Americans themselves is nothing new, as Sarah-Jane Mathieu notes in her work on the subject, “Movement has always characterized the African-American experience.”1 Whether it be the willful movement to the north for obtaining rights, or the plunder of these people from their homes, African-American Heritage is one of migration.
In comparison, many other countries have geared towards adopting policies that deal with human sex trafficking. The European Union’s tactic to trafficking begins from a gender and human rights perspective and focuses on prevention, prosecution of criminals and protection of victims. These ideals can be reflected in Directive on trafficking in human beings adopted on March 21, 2011. Much like U.S foreign policies dealing with human trafficking, the Directive focus is committing to the prevention of and fights against trafficking in human beings, and to the protection of the rights of trafficked persons. Within the Asian continent twenty-three out of the twenty-seven countries opt to adopt specific legislative provisions to fight human trafficking
COUNTRIES. UNITED NATIONS EXPERT GROUP MEETING ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE ARAB REGION, UN/POP/EGM/2006/02, 1-21, available at: https://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/EGM_Ittmig_Arab/P02_Kapiszewski.pdf
Human trafficking is prevalent throughout the world, especially in Asia and more specifically in China but the government and non-governmental organizations (NGO) are taking measures to put an end to it. Human trafficking involves exploitation of human beings; either sexually or by coercing them to work in unfavourable conditions for little pay or nothing at all. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) defines human trafficking as “the acquisition of people by improper means such as force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them.” Women and children, especially girls between the ages of fourteen and twenty constitute the majority of victims of human trafficking. “China is a source, transit and destination country for human trafficking; the majority of which is internal trafficking” (www.humantrafficking.org).
Summary: We see that there are many different aspects and types of human trafficking that everyone should be made aware of. As a whole human trafficking is a lucrative industry raking in $150 BILLION globally. The impact that this industry has on its victims is
Many organizations and programs are working to stop human trafficking and its insubordinate criminals. Organizations, such as the United Nations Conven...
Migration has been a major part of human living and also animals, people migrate for various reasons such as seeking better lives, family, job opportunity, availability of social amenities etc. immigration policies were put in place to monitor and decide who immigrate to a country and these policies have been present since 1906, and these polices have had different reasons for their enactment and these reasons change as time and era changes (Baglay, 2014). The early policies were racially based restriction, economic growth, multiculturalism, restriction on refugee and economic immigration (Baglay, 2014). The Communitarian approach used by Michael Walzer to explain immigration policy is similar to Canadian immigration policy. This paper seeks to discuss and analyze the articles by Joseph Carens and Michael Walzer, explaining the different perspectives of explaining immigration policies. The paper would summarize and contrast the author’s main arguments. It would take a stand on which argument is more persuasive in explaining immigration policy and give reason for this position. It would also use other articles to support or refute each argument made by Joseph Carens and Michael Walzer. Lastly this paper would explain and come to a conclusion of if any of these arguments apply to Canadian immigration policy and give examples of these similarities. Carens and Walzer had very different view on immigration and open border, Carens used the Liberal perspective of explaining open border.
International migration in the development context relates both to people that have chosen to move of their own accord , and forced migrants that can ultimately end up contributing to both their country of resettlement and possibly their country of origins if it is ever safe to return . Development meanwhile , is a dynamic process implying growth , advancement , empowerment and progress with the goal of increasing human capabilities . Contemplating for a change the large community of immigrants hopes for immigration laws to be permanently reformed for better opportunities , growth as a nation , and development in modern day American society . The ultimate goal is to enlarge the scope of human choices and creating a safe and secure environment where citizens can live with dignity and equality . We are able to identify the development immigrants have had and can see how highly entrepreneurial they become . Research from the Small Business Administration suggests that immigrants are more likely to start a business than are non-immigrants
Everyday men, women and children are trafficked in and out of Moldova; some are transported willingly, others are tricked, and some are kidnapped. Hundreds are daily losing their freedom and becoming slaves to the will of their exploiters. While the trafficking of persons can be for forced labor, a study from 2000 reports that one fourth of global trafficking is for sexual purposes. Sadly, in Moldova trafficking for the purpose of sex constitutes 80% of the total trafficking in the country and a 10% of the Moldovan population has been trafficked. Today in Moldova a human being can be purchased for as little as $150 (US dollars). This is a true crisis of human rights. What is the cause of this crisis? According to Kligman and Limoncelli, “the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989 has since provided new resources – geographical and human – for the sex trade and traffic.” Is this true? Did the dissolution of the USSR play a factor in this violation of human rights or is it a simple matter of chance? In the following pages we will take a look at the collapse of communism and the lasting effects of its breakdown. I believe that the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the economic downfall in Moldova, as well as the militarization of the surrounding area, which has expanded the magnitude of the sex trade in Moldova.
Migration is the geographical movement of people in order to settle in other places for longer periods of time. It has been extensively analyzed by historians and social scientists. Philosophers however have thought little and have said even less about it. The migration policies involve highly consented normative judgments in all phases; the gap is quite astonishing. The political philosophers and the political theorists rarely discuss about migration. They have never ever developed a coherent ethics of migration. The theorists have started thinking about this issue from the last thirty years and still we do not have any comprehensive and systematic treatment.
...highly dynamic and rapidly changing nature of globalization, which is redefining traditional political, economic, and social arrangements and fostering greater interdependence between states in the international stage. They dismiss the notion that economic underdevelopment is a major determinant of refugee flows; instead showing that political ideology is more significant simply because of the political nature of their displacement. This book provides a highly comprehensive and informative analysis of the modern refugee crisis and helps clarify the origins of the problem and provide useful prescriptions of institutional reforms that would better deal with the situation.
bank, W. (2010). Migration and Skills: The Experience of Migrant Workers from Albania, Egypt, Moldova, and Tunisia. World Bank Publications.
Of the many kinds of displacements that cause migration, one significant type is the development induced displacement. It may either be involuntary, which is forced by development related activities, or voluntary resettlement taken up for a better living [4]. Thus, the reasons may be numerous, but, the further course of action to resettle these displaced individuals is very important because, resettlement is a life crisis that may offer opportunities as well as risks