This paper discusses the development of a civilization defining its ten characteristics it will define why this civilization developed. For this purpose, the civilization of the Incas from South America has been selected; however, this paper will focus on a particular people of this civilization that lived in Machu Picchu. The civilization of the Incas lived on the territory of South America, in an area now occupied by the modern Peru. The capital has been located in the city of Cuzco. The name "Inca" is not given by self-people, but Europeans mistakenly gave it since the local tribes called their supreme ruler, and came to their land the Spaniards came to be called as the whole nation (Abbott & Wolfe 2003). This unique culture has existed as a unit until the 1780-1782 periods (Velasco, 1992).
Machu Picchu belongs to ancient America, it is on top of a mountain ridgeline at an elevation of 2450 meters, dominating the valley of the Urubamba. In addition, Machu Picchu is often referred to as the "city in the sky" or "city in the clouds", sometimes called "the lost city of the Incas. " Some archaeologists believe that this town was established as a sacred mountain cabin great Inca ruler Pachacutec a century before the conquest of his empire that is, about 1440, and operated until 1532, when the Spaniards invaded the territory of the Inca Empire. In 1532, all the inhabitants mysteriously disappeared. Similar to Machu Picchu mountain city lasted much longer, up to 1570s.
CITIES, WITH DENSE, NUCLEATED DEMOGRAPHIC CONCENTRATIONS
At the head of the state Novoinkskogo was the son of Manco II - Sairee Tupac. During his reign expanded the boundaries of the state to the upper reaches of the Amazon, and the population increased to 80 thousand...
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The Inca government was one of the most efficient and complex of ancient history, Spanish conquistadors could do nothing but stand in awe while contemplating the complexity in their society. Mostly because Spaniards found many tangible resemblances between Spain's monarchy and the structural hierarchy in which the “antiquated” Incan Empire revolted around. The Incas consolidated a strong Empire based on coercion and rewards over conquered tribes that served a centralized power in Tahuantinsuyo. They were maintained in check through appointed representatives and tax collectors who were empowered to carry out punishment for crimes,
The Aztec Empire stood for many years but never expanded much, only conquering small neighboring civilizations. The Aztec Empire was founded in the 6th century and didn’t fall until 1525. The Inca Civilization was a bit different. The Inca Civilization conquered as many lands that it could but quickly fell after just 100 years. In this essay I will be comparing the government, economics, and culture in the Aztec Civilizationand the Inca Empire.
Figueroa, Luis A. "Before and After the First Conquest: From Tainos to Early Spanish Colonialism". September 17, 1998.
Many arguments have occurred over the centuries since the Spanish marched into the Andean highlands and took over the Incan empire, over whether the Incan's were part of an ideal human society, or just a group of tyrannical rulers. While the Incan society had created a stable political, economic, and social system in the Andean world it was far from being an ideal society. On the same note, the Incan's were not tyrannical rulers, did not exploit their subjects or take away their land for no reason. The reading entitled "Was Inca Rule Tyrannical?" discusses this argument about the Incan empire, tries to classify the form of government the Incan's lived under, and searches for the truth about what the Incan empire was really like. The truth about the Incan empire lies somewhere between the romanticized views, and the views meant to justify the Spanish conquest, while it is impossible to classify in modern terms the form of government the Incan's had.
Gootenberg, Paul. Andean Cocaine: The Making of a Global Drug. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2008.
Society in the Incan Empire was made up of clans and families who lived and worked together. The social structure of the Incas had the Ruler and his wives at the top. Then came the High Priest and Army Commander in Chief. Next were the Regional Army Commanders, then the Temple Priests, architects, administrators and Army Generals. Next were the artisans, musicians, army captains and the...
In this essay I will tell how the Aztec and Inca empires ended, and also I will compare the fall of both empires, using for a point of departure the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the land of Mexico. Wherever the Spanish went always the same thing happened, from my point of view. Innocent people were killed for no good reason, cities were massacred, civilizations were destroyed or forced to convert to Christianity. And so, I think now is the time to reevaluate the actions of the European explorers who subjugated the native American peoples and their civilizations. Undoubtedly the most glorified and heroically portrayed of these figures of the European conquest of the New World were the conquistadors, the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16-th century. These men, under leaders such as Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizzaro nearly eliminated the Aztec and Inca peoples. Surely many of these soldiers were extremely cruel and intolerant of the native populations. But it is important to consider, with the push of both sides toward territorial expansion, how these groups (European and American) could remain isolated from each other. Furthermore, with meeting of these two imperialist cultures, it must be considered whether it would be possible for the two to peacefully coexist.
When the Spanish arrived at the Incan borders in 1528, the Incan empire spanned a great distance, from Ancs Maya, Blue River, in Southern Columbia to the Maule River in Chile. The Inca Empire originated from a tribe based in Cuzco under the rule of Pachacuti, the Incan leader from 1438 to 1471/1472, Cuzco soon ended up being the capital of the Empire. Pachacuti’s would later rule the empire.
From 2500BC-1000BC, the villages who prospered near the Pacific coast expanded and became complex societies. Correspondingly, farming and trading with other villages became a common way of living. Improvements in the slash-and-burn technique and the use of new root crops highly increased the chances of economic prosperity. Arawak-speaking peoples begin to settle and expand in the Amazon Basin, which created multiple dialects as they moved. Near the Atlantic coast, the communities created middens: areas where wastes were dumped; habitation mounds, and ritual platforms. During 1000BC-500BC, the Chavin civilization appears in the highlands of Peru. The first urban civilization in South America had temple complexes and produced fine textiles and po...
Wilson, Samuel M. Hispaniola: Caribbean Chiefdoms in the Age of Columbus. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press,1990.
They were masters of melding minerals to adorn their beautifully constructed buildings. The Incas were extremely practical in the usage of materials, but very precise in how aesthetically pleasing the architecture should be. They typically used Yucay limestone, green Sacsahuaman diorite porphyry, and black andesite as their base material and sand as their final touch. The site of Machu Picchu exemplifies one of the Inca’s most stable engineered products. They enabled each of their buildings to embody military tactics so that they may be used incase of warfare. The Incas built fortresses on each corner of the civilization, which not only secured them as a group, but also allowed them to strategically organize their army in a very intelligent way. Clearly, the Incas used their craftsmanship as an asset in every respect – a noteworthy quality in the pre-Columbian
The first place, on my exploration of time, I arrived was in Cuzco the center of the Incan civilization in the year 1505 A.D. Their was much to observe on arrival. The first thing one notices is that Cuzco is in the center of the “four quarters” of the Incan Empire, Tawantinsuyu. The surrounding four quarters or the four “suyus” were to the north Chincasuyu, to the west Cuntisuyu, to the east Anitsuyu, and to the south Chinasuyu the largest quarter. Cuzco sat at the center of these four quarters of the empire and served as the capital. This capital of the Incan Empire severed as a home to the political center of the Incas. The rich political and social system proved the most interesting to me as I stayed in Cuzco.
Patterson, Thomas C. "Tribes, Chiefdoms, and Kingdoms in the Inca Empire.” Power Relations and State Formation (1987): 1-15,117-127.
This paper explores information gather from several articles that report on the Mayan Civilization throughout the years of their rise, their conquering, and their fall, as well as their interactions with other civilizations, specifically the Spanish. The Mayan civilization dates back before the 16th century, before they were conquered by the Spanish Conquistadors and the civilization diminished. During their reign, the Maya civilization thrived in what is now parts of Southern Mexico and Central America. However, their supremacy was struck down when the Spanish and their beliefs
Machu Picchu was something extraordinary that the Incas built. “It’s a place where there’s still much to learn; it’s complex and fascinating in so many ways—still open to discovery in that sense,” said a tourist. They, who didn’t have technology to depend on, figured out how to build a huge city mostly out of granite that was stable enough to still be standing, they accomplished this achievement without the use of a written language but with other techniques and they provided enough water for a population of over hundreds with the impressive invention of an organized water system. Now that is simply incredible.