For atoms, bonding is crucial. However, different atoms bond in different ways. Making up a bond known as chemical bonding. There are two main ways that atoms can bond to each other to make larger molecules, covalent bonds and ionic bonds. We also learned about biological molecules such as, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Lastly, we learned about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The activities that relate to this unit are Iconic vs. Covalent bonds, Bonding basics, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, Biological molecules, and Biochemical reactions.
In chemical bonding there are atoms, protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms are the simple part of the element and retain the properties of it. A proton is a positive (+) charge. An atom is determined by the number of protons it has. A neutral atom has an equal number of (+) and (-) charge. Neutrons have a neutral (0) charge. They make up the nucleus of the atom with protons. An Electron is a (-) charge. Electrons travel in orbitals around the nucleus. The first orbit has two electrons, the second orbit has 8 electrons, and the third orbit has sixteen electrons.
One type of bond is iconic. Iconic bonds are the attraction of opposite charged ions. Ions are atoms that have gained or lost an electron to have either a positive or negative charge. For example, sodium + chlorine = sodium chloride (NaCI). The overall charge on the ion is positive due to excess positive nuclear charge. In iconic bonds the electrons of a metal transfer to the electrons of a non-metal. Since, the electrons are negatively charged, when it gives an electron away it will become less negative. The atom losing the electron is usually a metal. The atom usually gaining the electron is a non-metal....
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... with the naked eye have one or more eukaryotic cells. For example some eukaryotes are, animals and plants. Most plants, and animals are the reason that they’re classified as multi-cellular. Most eukaryotic cells have organelles including mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and vesicles.
In conclusion our activities provided evidence about how atoms are the smallest unit of an element and bond together to make up molecules. They’re composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons. The elements most common in biological molecules that make up organisms are Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur. Two types of bonds hold atoms together are iconic and covalent bonds. Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge. Covalent bonds involve two atoms sharing electrons between them. Therefore, atoms do bond to compose cells
There are many different cells that do many different things. But all of these cells fall into two categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and are larger in size than prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus, are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells. Two of their similarities are they both have DNA as their genetic material and are covered by a cell membrane.
Covalent compounds are formed when two or more non-metals react together. The covalent compound is actually made of molecules, and the name given depends on the structure of these molecules. Prefixes, like di- for two, tri- for three, tetra- for four, and so forth, are frequently used. Thus, NO2 is nitrogen dioxide and N2O4 is dinitrogen
Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell Simplest and ancient Complex and evolved from prokaryotes Single-cell Single-cell or multicellular Lacks nucleus Contains nucleus Contains cell wall (peptidoglycan) Contains cellulose cell wall only in plant cells Small ribosomes scattered throughout the cytoplasm. No mitochondria hence respiration takes place on an infolding of the cell membrane called mesosome Contains large ribosomes, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Lacks chlorophyll Contains chlorophyll (plant cells) DNA is naked DNA is linear, associated with proteins in a nucleus, surrounded by nuclear envelope One chromosome is present but not a true one One or more chromosomes are present Posses one or more flagella for movement Lacks flagella Cell division occurs by In multicellular organisms, some cells perform their own specific functions called specialised cells. These cells have special structures which help them to do their individual tasks effectively. These cells do not replicate and die after their life cycle is complete. Examples of specialised cells are Red Blood Cells (RBC), Sperm cells, etc.
In contrast, eukaryotic organisms typically include (but are not limited to) membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.), golgi body, lysosome and peroxisome. The main defining difference between a eukaryote and prokaryote is that the latter does not contain a nucleus or any such organelles. Such a definition, however, can be argued to be a poor discriminator between organisms of Eukarya and Prokarya, because it describes only what prokaryotes are lacking, not what they fundamentally are. This essay aims to detail a more comprehensive definition of why these two kingdoms are so different from each other. A key example of this thinking is that, while prokaryotes are often singly responsible for metabolic processes, reproduction and cell repair, eukaryotes are often highly specialised in order to perform certain functions and rely upon other cells to fulfil different functions. For exa...
Plant and animal cells are similar in cell biology in that that they both are Eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells contain plasma membranes, DNA, and ribosomes (What Is a Eukaryotic Cell). However, the difference between animals and plants is that animals lack organelles that plants contain. Plants have vacuoles which store material such as water and waste (Vacuole (plants)). Chloroplasts are another key difference between the two. Chloroplasts are organelles that are referred to as plastids. Plastids contribute to storing important
Eukaryotic cells, whether from animals, plants, protists, or fungi, are the most structurally advanced of the major cell types. Eukaryote are single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain nucleus and any other structures (organelles) enclosed within the membrane that perform specific functions. The surface of the cell is covered with a thin film or plasma membrane, which is the boundary that separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings. Plasma membranes are composed mostly of proteins and lipids (Simon, 02/2012, p. 59-60).
Atoms are electrically neutral; the electrons that bear the negative charge are equal in number to the protons in the nucleus
Chemistry dictates the structure of DNA. DNA is a polymer of monomers called nucleic acids. These are made of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group and a sugar. It is the negative charge on the phosphate group that makes DNA an acid. There are 4 different bases: adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. In groups of three, these four bases can code for any protein coded for in an organism’s genome. Two strands of nucleic acids stack on top of each other in a double helix. The backbone of the nucleic acids consists of the interaction between phosphate groups and the hydroxide groups of nucleic acids. These are held together by covalent bonds called phosphodiester bonds. The helix itself is held together by hydrogen bonds. Although h...
These cells can be round or irregular shapes maintained by the plasma membrane. Animal cells have certain organelles that are not found in plant cells such as centrioles, lysosomes, cilia, and flagella. All of these organelles have specific jobs to help the cell function. For example, the centrioles organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division, and the cilia aids cellular locomotion. Animal cells store energy in the structure of complex carbohydrates, and can only produce ten of the twenty amino acids needed to produce
An atom, by definition, is the smallest part of any substance. The atom has three main components that make it up: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and neutrons are within the nucleus in the center of the atom. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in many orbitals. These orbitals consist of many different shapes, including circular, spiral, and many others. Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged. Protons and electrons both have charge of equal magnitude (i.e. 1.602x10-19 coulombs). Neutrons have a neutral charge, and they, along with protons, are the majority of mass in an atom. Electron mass, though, is negligible. When an atom has a neutral charge, it is stable.
Every cell, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic all contain basic cell parts. They are: a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA (the genetic material), and ribosomes. Prokaryotic cells have a simple structure and they are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells. Also, most prokaryotic cells contain a cell wall. In addition to having the basic cell parts, eukaryotic cells also contain a membrane-bounded nucleus and cell organelles.
Eighteen percent of our body weight is made up of carbon. Carbon atoms make up important molecules in our bodies such as proteins, DNA, RNA, sugars, and fats. These molecules are called macromolecules. Carbon bonding to itself results in a wide variety of organic compounds, which means that organic compounds are carbon-based carbons. Most matter in living organisms that is not water is made of organic compounds. Nearly everything that is touched is organic. Four main classes of organic compounds that are needed for life are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
There are two main types of cells in the world. The simplest cells such as bacteria are known as Prokaryotic cells, and human cells are known as Eukaryotic cells. The main difference between each of these cells is that a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and a membrane bound section in which the cell holds the main DNA which are building blocks of life.
...ubstances that have different properties than the properties of the reactants (blue book). Most atoms form bonds with valence electrons only, which means the number of valence electrons determines if an atom will form a bond (eight electrons are usually unreactive, while fewer than eight tend to bond more often). Atoms bond to fill their outermost energy level. They would either lose share or gain an electron. In baking soda and vinegar, you may be wondering what bonding has to do with a chemical reaction. Well, in order for a chemical reaction to take place a bond must be broken. This happens because molecules are always moving which means if they bump with enough energy, the bond will break. The atoms then rearrange and new bonds form to make new substances (blue book). So behind the aesthetic view of the “white fizz,” there is always a scientific explanation.
Chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of bonds. It is essential that we know what bonds are before we can understand any chemical reaction. To understand bonds, we will first describe several of their properties. The bond strength tells us how hard it is to break a bond. Bond lengths give us valuable structural information about the positions of the atomic nuclei. Bond dipoles inform us about the electron distribution around the two bonded atoms. From bond dipoles we may derive electronegativity data useful for predicting the bond dipoles of bonds that may have never been made before.