INTRODUCTION
The main aim of wastewater treatment is to produce wastewater that can be safely disposed off, without causing harm or infection in humans and other animals. Wastewater generated by all processes - ranging from the personal use of water to industrial use - needs to be disposed in rivers and lakes. The pathogens present in wastewater can cause serious enteric infections and therefore need to be removed before they can proliferate via the sources of water such as lakes and rivers. The conventional methods of wastewater treatment are successful in a considerable reduction of organic and microbial load in wastewater. They also make use of certain microorganisms that aid the purification process. Further studies in the field have lead
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Domestic wastewater is generated in households as well as non-industrial businesses. It consists of a combination of blackwater (human feces and urine) and graywater (wastewater from washing, bathing and cooking). Sewage is made up of organic matter, carbohydrates, fats and proteins in addition to 99.9% of water. It always contains pathogenic microorganisms since they are present in the feces of infected individuals, irrespective of the absence or presence of symptoms. Few examples of the microorganisms present in wastewater are Cryptosporadium, Giardia and rotaviruses.
Industrial wastes and rainwater runoffs also contribute to wastewater. Industrial wastes include wastes from petrochemical, food, dairy, pharmaceutical, metallurgical industries and so on.
NEED FOR TREATMENT OF
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A mixed population of heterotrophic bacteria is kept in the dark at 20 degrees for five days in a sample of 300ml of wastewater diluted by phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). Inorganic elements for growth, acclimated microorganisms and oxygen may be added to facilitate the BOD test. For the determination of carbonaceous BOD a nitrification inhibitor may be added. The amount of oxygen consumed by the microbes is measured at time 0 and then after five days of incubation, using chemical procedures, an oxygen electrode or BOD apparatus.
BOD is calculated using the equation: BOD (mg/L) = (D1-D5)/ P where D1= initial dissolved oxygen (DO), D5 = DO at day 5 and P= decimal volumetric fraction of wastewater utilized.
The BOD5 test is most commonly used. In addition to the determination of the amount of oxygen required for the biological treatment of organic content in wastewater, this method gives insight into the required size of the treatment plant, efficiency and compliance with permits concerned with wastewater
The purpose of this study is to identify an unknown bacterium from a mixed culture, by conducting different biochemical tests. Bacteria are an integral part of our ecosystem. They can be found anywhere and identifying them becomes crucial to understanding their characteristics and their effects on other living things, especially humans. Biochemical testing helps us identify the microorganism present with great accuracy. The tests used in this experiment are rudimentary but are fundamental starting points for tests used in medical labs and helps students attain a better understanding of how tests are conducted in a real lab setting. The first step in this process is to use gram-staining technique to narrow down the unknown bacteria into one of the two big domains; gram-negative and gram-positive. Once the gram type is identified, biochemical tests are conducted to narrow down the specific bacterial species. These biochemical tests are process of elimination that relies on the bacteria’s ability to breakdown certain kinds of food sources, their respiratory abilities and other biochemical conditions found in nature.
The eighteenth exercise of the laboratory manual titled Unknown Identification and Bergey’s Manual is an experiment to identify an unknown bacterium. In this exercise, a student must randomly choose a numbered bacterium available to the class. The keys in Appendix H, located on the last pages of the book, are the major helpful tools in this exercise because it provides completed steps of tests that needs to be performed in order to distinguish certain bacteria. This means that in this exercise, various types of tests and techniques must be performed to identify the chosen unknown bacterium. The unknown bacterium that I selected was number thirty-nine in which I discovered as the Bacillus megaterium after conducting several tests.
...urkholder, J., Libra, B., Weyer, P., Heathcote, S., Kolpin, D., Thorne, P., et al. (2007). Impacts of waste from concentrated animal feeding operations on water quality. Environmental Health Perspectives, 11(2), 308–312. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1817674/pdf/ehp0115-000308.pdf
Eastfield College Microbiology Laboratory Manual, 1st edition, Oliver, T. D. (Book Must Be Purchased New from Eastfield Bookstore and Cannot Be Sold Back to Bookstore at the End of the Semester), Kendall Hunt Publishing, 2013, Dubuque, IA. ISBN 9781465223784.
...nvironmental Microbiology. New York: A John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 1992. pp. 125?156. Accessed December 2, 2013.
Stephenson, R., & Blackburn, J. J. (1998). The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook. New York: Lewis Publishers.
There are several types of treatment methods present but biological treatment methods have gained much traction in the recent years due to their low operation costs, comparatively benign effects on the environment and their ease of handling and maintenance. Biological wastewater treatment methods can be subcategorized into dispersed growth systems and attached growth systems. Biofilms fall under the latter category (Sehar & Naz, 2016)
The bacteria and wastewater is mixed in an aeration tank and therefore the contaminants are removed by action of sorption and series of breakdown by the bacteria.
Environmental pollution produces bacteria which results as diseases and disorders in humans, animals, agricultural plantations. The process of pollution occurs when toxins are released into the ground water from landfill sites, this pollution stays in the environment for hundreds of years, while they break dow...
Waste water treatment plants are essential to communities of all sizes and must work efficiently. Waste water treatment plant primary priority and responsibility is the treatment of incoming sewage water by the removal of biological and chemical wastes so it can be treated and recycled for future use. There are many government agencies and standards set forth to govern and observe the successful treatment of sewage such as: the Department of Environmental Quality, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and the Clean Water Act of 1972. Compliance and constant monitoring of the treatment plant’s operations are important; as they protect the surrounding community. A spill or backflow of sewage due to a complete system malfunction could potentially be detrimental to the environment and local community. A precise system, of which must be compliant according to government standards, is critical to maintain low levels of wastes that are returned to neighboring water systems after treatment.
The duration of the experiment should be increased as the thermal death times of B. subtilis at 60, 70 and 80°C were unable to be determined within 110 minutes. The duration can be increased to 180 minutes so as to better investigate its thermal death times. If the presence of bacterial growth was still observed after 180 minutes of exposure, it can be assumed that B. subtilis is able to survive well in that temperature. An exposure time of one day can be carried out to confirm this assumption.
Safe water and sanitation as a basic human right, household water treatment, rainwater harvesting ... and reports from Kyoto, Madagascar, Uzbekistan, Guinea and other countries around the world.
The consumption of contaminated water can be dangerous for health reasons and several people have passed away from these water-borne diseases. Some of these diseases include Cholera, Typhoid, Dysentery, Giardiasis, and Malaria. These unfortunate diseases are currently the cause of numerous deaths, especially in small children. The availability of clean water can prevent many problems in low-income communities. The available resources for clean water are very rare, so these water sources need to pass through a process of water sanitation in order to just be sustainable to drink, “The world’s surface is made up of approximately 80% water, which is an indestructible substance.
Domestic households and industrial and agricultural practices often produce wastewater that can cause rivers and lakes to become polluted. This is typically called sewage and wastewater pollution. Sewage is a term for wastewater that usually contains feces, urine, and laundry waste. With there being billions of people on earth, treating sewage is a big priority. Untreated sewage can contam...
The parameters of water quality are determined by how the water is going to be used. “Most of the parameters affirmed are focused on treating it for human consumption, industrial use and environment. The main water quality parameters that are measured in natural water are