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Witch Hunts of the Early Modern Period as the Result of Religious and Social Upheaval
The Early Modern Period was a time of great change in and around
Europe. The people of the age were faced with upheaval of all forms;
religious, social, political and even economical.
Religious upheaval stemmed from changes in religious views and
practises. The Reformation was a hugely significant event that took
place in the years spanning 1520-1650. It was a religious, and
political, movement in Europe that began as an attempt to reform the
Roman Catholic Church, but ended in the establishment of Protestantism
and Protestant churches. The aim of the reformers was to restore the
Church to its early Christian purity, and in order to accomplish this,
they made significant changes.
The Reformation denied the power of indulgences, redefined the
function of the sacraments, eliminated or drastically altered the
Roman Catholic Mass and changed the role of the clergy. A developed
idea from the Reformation was that each believer was a priest and it
posited a direct relationship between man and God. In Medieval
Catholicism, clerical and angelic intermediaries were already
established between man and God, but reformers choose to remove many
of these.
The incompatibility of the ideas of the reformers with Roman Catholic
ideology, and the failure of the Roman Catholic Church to reform
itself, led to the break with Rome and the establishment of
independent Protestant churches. The inability of reformers to find
scriptural support for papal authority over them was also an equally
decisive factor for the eventual break with Rome.
Evidently, with the...
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...ore widespread and people
were more susceptible to becoming ill. Concerning this, and the fact
that people of the age had a distinct lack of scientific knowledge,
yet again, ‘suspicious’ people were being accused of being witches
because there was nothing or no one else to blame for the increased
amount of death and turmoil.
Overall, in conclusion to the question, religious and social upheavals
were incredibly significant factors to why witch hunts resulted in the
Early Modern Period. In my opinion, the word upheaval reflects the
changes in which people of the age had to endure and face. Evidently,
with these changes came the changes in people’s psychological outlooks
on life, and therefore changes in their behaviours. This resulted in
events such as the accusations of, more than likely, normal people as
witches.
John M. Murrin’s essay Coming to Terms with the Salem Witch Trials helps detail the events of these trials and explains why they might have occurred. The witch trials happened during a “particularly turbulent time in the history of colonial Massachusetts and the early modern atlantic world” (Murrin, 339). Salem came to be in 1629 and less than seventy years later found itself in a mess of witch craft.
Godbeer, Richard. A great idea. Escaping Salem: The Witch Hunt of 1692. New York: Oxford UP, 2005. Print.
Were the witch-hunts in pre-modern Europe misogynistic? Anne Llewellyn Barstow seems to think so in her article, “On Studying Witchcraft as Women’s History: A Historiography of the European Witch Persecutions”. On the contrary, Robin Briggs disagrees that witch-hunts were not solely based on hatred for women as stated in his article, “Women as Victims? Witches, Judges and the Community”. The witch craze that once rapidly swept through Europe may have been because of misconstrued circumstances. The evaluation of European witch-hunts serves as an opportunity to delve deeper into the issue of misogyny.
Analysis and Comparison of the Witch Trials In modern times, the most infamous witch trials are the one that occurred in Salem. These specific witch trials are known for the unjust killings of several accused women and men. The Salem witch trials of 1692, is a big portion of what people refer to, when they want to analyze how Puritan life was during the colonial period. According to ‘Salem Witch Trials’, “The witch trials are often taken as a lens to view the whole Puritan period in New England and to serve as an example of religious prejudice…”
The Salem witch-hunts of the late seventeenth century were characterized by widespread terror, hysteria, and a desire to pass blame onto those one secretly despised. Neighbors accused neighbors, friends turned upon each other, and even familial loyalty was put to the test. The hunt and consequent trials, fueled by the growing need to purge the community of evil and deceit, provided the means for certain members of Puritan township to accumulate material wealth or implement societal advancement at the expense of others losing their homes, reputations, and, for some, their lives. Nearly two and a half centuries later across the Atlantic Ocean another persecution scorched its way across the newly socialist Germany. Jews, under the supreme declaration
Schoeneman, Thomas J.. "The role of mental illness in the European witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: An assessment." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. Wiley Online Library: Wiley Periodicals, Inc., 2006. 337–351. Print.
Throughout the late 17th century and into the early 18th century witchcraft prosecutions had been declining. This trend was the result of a multitude of social developments which altered the mentality of society. One of the predominant factors in this decline was the Scientific Revolution, the most important effect of these advances was making society question concepts of witchcraft. Along with this new mental outlook, we see that the Reformation had a similar effect on social opinion concerning witchcraft and magic. These two developments changed societies view on the occult and this led to a wider scepticism concerning witchcraft, this favoured those who had been accused and therefore caused a decline in prosecutions. Beyond the two trends mentioned however, it is important to consider judicial reforms and an improved socio-economic situation which reduced tensions within society. These two changes were certainly not as influential as the Scientific Revolution and the Reformation but heavily altered the circumstances in which accusations were normally made. With the altered social attitudes and mental outlook these changes in living situations all contributed to bring about the decline in witchcraft prosecutions.
Were the Witch-Hunts in Pre-modern Europe Misogynistic? The “YES” article by, Anne Llewellyn Barstow, “On Studying Witchcraft as Woman’s History” and the “NO” article by, Robin Briggs, “Women as Victims? Witches, Judges and the Community,” will be compared, and summarized.
Is the accuser always holy now? Were they born this morning as clean as God's fingers? I'll tell you what's walking Salem-vengeance is walking Salem. We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law! (p73, The Crucible)
There is almost no question that the lifeblood of the Roman state was war, and that the decisions made by Roman politicians were usually in the interest of keeping this blood flowing. Through all of the endless warfare Rome managed to conquer most of the territory surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, and ruled most of this large swath of land by the proxy of co-opted local elites. Therefore it is difficult to imagine how Rome managed to keep its citizenry in check without instilling a powerful sense of fear in them. Despite being such a war like nation the Romans did not run a police state. They did brutally police their citizenry when they saw a threat to the state from within regarding cult like behavior from religions they would have considered strange.
The notorious witch trials of Salem, Massachusetts occurred from June through September. It is a brief, but turbulent period in history and the causes of the trials have long been a source of discussion among historians. Many try to explain or rationalize the bizarre happenings of the witch hunts and the causes that contributed to them. To understand the trials and how they came to be, we must first examine the ideals and views of the people surrounding the events. Although religious beliefs were the most influential factor, socioeconomic tensions, and ergot poisoning are also strongly supported theories. A combination of motives seems the most rational explanation of the frenzy that followed the illness of the two girls. This paper looks closely at the some of the possible causes of one of the most notable occurrences in history.
Concerning why the witch hunts occurred when they did the agreed upon opinion by all three author’s is the social unrest and uncertainty felt due to the Protestant Reformation and the schism it created amongst the populace, the effects of recovering from plague and war, and the enforced patriarchal structure of a society that was changing. It was during the Reformation that Christian...
The Rise of Witch Hunts in Europe During the Early Modern Period Tens of thousands of people were persecuted and put to death as witches between 1570 and 1680 – known as the great age of witch-hunts. Europeans had an extensive range of magical beliefs and practices, mainly due to the Christian belief that magic exists. The elite believed in magic as fervently as the most ignorant peasant. It was believed that some members of the society sold their soul to the devil giving them power to inflict pain on others and take part in supernatural performances. Famous intellectuals such as James V1, or the internationally famous lawyer Jean Bodin, publicly declared the existence and reality of witchcraft which only convinced the thoughts and fears of the common folk.[1]
During the early modern period Europe experienced a phase of vicious prosecution of the people accused of the crime of ‘Witchcraft.’ There has been an estimated death toll of up to 50,000 people during these Witch-hunt crazes, although the exact figures are unknown. What is known is that overall 75-80% of those accused were woman although this varies in different states. In this essay I will discuss the role of gender in witchcraft and why the majority of people executed as Witches were women.
Sidky, H. Witchcraft, lycanthropy, drugs, and disease: an anthropological study of the European witch-hunts. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc., 1997.