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Influence europeans had on native indians
Relationship between indians and europeans
Influence europeans had on native indians
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As white settlers poured across the mountains, the Cherokee tried once again to compensate themselves with territory taken by war with a neighboring tribe. This time their intended victim was the Chickasaw, but this was a mistake. Anyone who tried to take something from the Chickasaw regretted it, if he survived. After eleven years of sporadic warfare ended with a major defeat at Chickasaw Oldfields (1769), the Cherokee gave up and began to explore the possibility of new alliances to resist the whites. Both the Cherokee and Creek attended the 1770 and 1771 meetings with the Ohio tribes at Sciota but did not participate in Lord Dunnmore's War (1773-74) because the disputed territory was not theirs. On the eve of the American Revolution, the British government scrambled to appease the colonists and negotiate treaties with the Cherokee ceding land already taken from them by white settlers. To this end, all means, including outright bribery and extortion, were employed: Lochaber Treaty (1770); and the Augusta Treaty (1773) ceding 2 million acres in Georgia to pay for debts to white traders. For the same reasons as the Iroquois cession of Ohio in 1768, the Cherokee tried to protect their homeland from white settlement by selling land they did not really control. In the Watonga Treaty (1774) and the Overhill Cherokee Treaty (Sycamore Shoals) (1775), they sold all of eastern and central Kentucky to the Transylvania Land Company (Henderson Purchase). Despite the fact that these agreements were a clear violation of existing British law, they were used later to justify the American takeover of the region. The Shawnee also claimed these lands but, of course, were never consulted. With the Iroquois selling the Shawnee lands north of the Ohio, and the Cherokee selling the Shawnee lands south, where could they go? Not surprisingly, the Shawnee stayed and fought the Americans for 40 years. Both the Cherokee and Iroquois were fully aware of the problem they were creating. After he had signed, a Cherokee chief reputedly took Daniel Boone aside to say, "We have sold you much fine land, but I am afraid you will have trouble if you try to live there."
The terms of the Treaty included the acknowledgement of Indian tribes’ asking for forgiveness and the English dominating Indian trade and commerce. There were other terms that included the English being able to use Indian land for recreational use and any “remedy or redress” (Calloway 174) being brought to justice based on English laws. Overall, the terms and language used in the treaty is used to place blame of past hostilities on the Indians. The English completely twisted the language in the treaty to favor the English and shows the Indian people as rebellious savages that were begging for forgiveness for King George and the English.
The generalization that, “The decision of the Jackson administration to remove the Cherokee Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River in the 1830s was more a reformulation of the national policy that had been in effect since the 1790s than a change in that policy,” is valid. Ever since the American people arrived at the New World they have continually driven the Native Americans out of their native lands. Many people wanted to contribute to this removal of the Cherokees and their society. Knox proposed a “civilization” of the Indians. President Monroe continued Knox’s plan by developing ways to rid of the Indians, claiming it would be beneficial to all. Andrew Jackson ultimately fulfilled the plan. First of all, the map [Document A] indicates the relationship between time, land, and policies, which affected the Indians. The Indian Tribes have been forced to give up their land as early as the 1720s. Between the years of 1721 and 1785, the Colonial and Confederation treaties forced the Indians to give up huge portions of their land. During Washington's, Monroe's, and Jefferson's administration, more and more Indian land was being commandeered by the colonists. The Washington administration signed the Treaty of Holston and other supplements between the time periods of 1791 until 1798 that made the Native Americans give up more of their homeland land. The administrations during the 1790's to the 1830's had gradually acquired more and more land from the Cherokee Indians. Jackson followed that precedent by the acquisition of more Cherokee lands. In later years, those speaking on behalf of the United States government believed that teaching the Indians how to live a more civilized life would only benefit them. Rather than only thinking of benefiting the Indians, we were also trying to benefit ourselves. We were looking to acquire the Indians’ land. In a letter to George Washington, Knox says we should first is to destroy the Indians with an army, and the second is to make peace with them. The Indian Trade and Intercourse Act of 1793 began to put Knox’s plan into effect. The federal government’s promise of supplying the Indians with animals, agricultural tool...
Many tribes resisted this policy. Wars were fought as a result. The Sac and Fox Indians in Wisconsin and Illinois reoccupied their lands after having been forced to move west of the Mississippi. They were defeated. The Seminole Indians refused to sign a treaty to give up their lands. They, too, fought and lost a bitter war to remain on their land.
However, by 1828, the Cherokee were “staunch allies of the Americans, having assisted them in their negotiations with the Seminoles and other tribes and having provided men to fight under the command of General Andrew Jackson against the Creeks”. At the same time, many state and federal authorities had designs on the Cherokee lands as part of the plan for western expansion and issues of sovereignty were a consideration as state and federal legislatures tried to cope with a tribal government that had its own laws and courts despite being located inside state and national boundaries. A series of treaties resulted in the removal of Cherokees from areas such as Georgia to western territories such as Oklahoma in the newly acquired Louisiana Territory. In 1817, a treaty signed made exchange for land in Arkansas. Old settlers begin voluntary migration and establish a government there. In 1828, they were forced to move into Indian Territory. Moreover, ongoing cases, most notably ‘Cherokee Nation v. Georgia’ caused further problems to the Cherokees as they were being deprived of their own land. It was a United States Supreme Court case in 1831. The Cherokee nation demanded a federal judicial order against laws passed by the state of Georgia which deprived them of their rights within the boundaries. The Supreme Court didn’t really hear the case on its merit. Because of the Cherokee
The coming of white settler to America had major impacts on the Native Americans. The Natives were very vulnerable to getting diseases from the Europeans since they never had exposure to the European's disease and had no immunity to them. Small pox was brought over to America by slave trips. The Cherokee people also didn't have proper treatment for the diseases they caught. They would use their traditional remedy of plunging in a cold stream, which was the worst treatment possible for the diseases the caught from the Europeans. The natives were also so proud of their physical appearance that the uglification the disease caused them, made many of the people to commit suicide. The epidemic of diseases brought to the Natives from the settler was devastating. It destroyed a huge percentage of their tribes. As a result, the relationship between the Natives and whites quickly deteriorated.
On September 19, 1865 a land cession treaty was signed at Canville Trading Post. The Great and Little Osage Indians had enough land to do what they needed to for their occupation, but had no money to live on because previous funds from other treaties had ended. The Osage ceded 871,791.11 aces and the total amount for the sale of the land was $776,931.58.7 The Osage tribe was compensated for the cession and sale of the land by the United States. The US “agreed to pay the sum of three hundred thousand dollars, which sum shall be placed to the credit of said tribe of Indians in the Treasury of the United States, and interest thereon at the rate of five per centum per annum shall be paid to said tribes semi-annually, in money, clothing, provisions, or such articles of utility as the Secretary of the Interior may, from time to time,
The United States population growth rate continues to increase gradually by less than 1% per year. Over the past decade, American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIANs) population increased by 26.7%.1 According to 2010 census, there are approximately 5.2 million AIANs living in the United States representing 1.7% of the U.S. population.2 By 2050, the projected population of AIANs will reach an estimated 8.6 million.2 Alaska Natives (AN) comprise of the second largest population group in Alaska. They make up a bigger percentage of Alaska’s population than Native Americans in any other state. AN faces disadvantages when it comes to health care equity, quality, and accessibility. It is important to address health disparities in AN, since their mortality rates are significantly higher, relative to U.S. white residents (USW), in 9 of 10 leading causes of deaths in the United States. Alaska has many challenges and possible unique opportunities due to its vast size and numerous isolated rural communities to improve quality of life in the AN population.
The first treaty to be signed by the Native Americans was the Treaty of Hopewell. On November 28, 1785 the Cherokee signed this treaty, it served as a peace treaty between the European settlers and the Cherokees. The Treaty of Hopewell was signed to ensure the land of the Cherokees, but Georgia refused to acknowledge the treaty (“Trail of Tears.”). The Cherokee did not agree with this so they took it to the Supreme Court. In 1831 the Cherokee fought removal in Cherokee v. Georgia. The court had to choose whether to give their rights to the Cherokee or to those of the state of Georgia (Trail of Tears.”). A law was later passed requiring that the white men had to have a license from the state before entering Indian country (Trail of Tears.”) .
From as far as we know Indians themselves were the first ones to cultivate land, being given the name “Native Americans”. As a whole; the Native Americans can be traced back through the Hopi, Zuni, Iroquois, Algonquian, Natchez, and Mohawks. Indians grew up with the belief that land was a sacred gift given to them by their ancestors. Finding and learning new ways to grow crops was a valuable teaching. Passing down teachings, beliefs, and leadership roles Indians maintained to live peacefully off of what was already placed in front of them. Until Colonization came into hand with land; land began to play an important role for housing, tobacco, rice, and battle ground. Leaders like Columbus used force rather than kind acts to convert Indians to Christianity. This eventually led land to becoming the number one priority; facing constant wars between Indians, colonists, and neighboring villages resulting in nothing but more wars to come in the future. Excluding the men that were not focused on land, but equal rights. Roger Williams voiced his opinion about how human beings can live together in peace and harmony by practicing their beliefs and traditions.
During the colonization of Native Americans white settlers brutally murdered the Natives. Native Americans had to deal with “new kinds of diseases, the accumulation of fire- arms and horses for European- like warfare, and confrontation with permanent European settlements” (124). White settlers wiped out the Natives to avoid rivalries and alliances. It was feared that Native Americans would join settlers, traders, and other diverse groups of European invaders. The white settlers claimed they feared wars and tried to assimilate the Natives. Some methods used by the White Settlers to assimilate the Natives was forcing Christianity and taken away the Natives culture. Natives who were unwilling to assimilate were given no choice but to leave. The
Over the past century, many Native American groups have experienced social and environmental change and have had to deal with a variety of contemporary issues. Although Native Americans may be associated with the past due to popular culture, many different American Indian groups are strongly affected by modern issues. For instance, while type II diabetes is a major issue in many communities, it disproportionately affects Native Americans. Beginning in the 20th century, Native American groups have been affected by diabetes, and they are currently one of the populations that are at particularly high risk for developing the disease. American Indians and Alaska Native adults are 2.3 times more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes as compared to non-Hispanic whites, while youth from ages 10-19 are 9 times more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes (“Diabetes…”, 2012). The rates of incidence and prevalence are significantly high in Native American populations. In fact, the Pima Indians of Arizona have the highest reported prevalence of type II diabetes of any population in the world (Acton et al., 2002). Approximately half of adult Pima Indians have type II diabetes, and about 95% of the individuals with diabetes are overweight (“Obesity…”, 2002). This high prevalence rate is due to a variety of factors, including genetics and changes in lifestyle habits from more traditional to more typically Western. Thus, the high rate of diabetes among the Pima Indians can be attributed to social and environmental factors that have arisen as an issue relatively recently, and can hopefully be reduced with preventative intervention programs.
The conflicts between settlers and the Native Americans in the Great Plains were inevitable due to the different ways each group used the land. The settlers were more of what you call a territorial group. They believed that if they settled the area or purchased the land, it was theirs and not to be shared. They would mark it off and once barbed wire was invented, would block off their land plots so as not to be trespassed on. On the other end of that spectrum were the Native Americans, who were of the roaming kind. Much like Nomads, they would follow the herds of buffalo, which was the largest food source in their diet. They were much less formal as to land plots and marking of owned land. Where the buffalo roamed, they roamed. The settlers
The British discovery and settlement of Australia would be known as a major victory in their eyes, but the road to get there is filled with questionable motives and disgusting truths. Perhaps the most prominent example of these truths is the countless acts of violence and war between the aboriginals and white settlers. Back and forth they fought against each other as the British began to eradicate their existence from a once heavily aboriginal populated land. There is clear documented evidence of these battles and bloodshed between the two sides, but how and why did it get to this point? What sparked this mutual hatred amongst the two sides that erupted into the slaughter of the aboriginals? By identifying the key factors of characteristics
In the 1760’s, the French attempted to hand over Indian land to the British. To the Indians’ dismay, their property was being settled by Englishmen; ultimately, this led to war. Unfortunately, the trend of stealing land from the American Indians continued into the 1900’s. In 1887, and the following 47 years, the Dawes Act was active in the United States government, dividing the land of reservations into fractions assigned to individual Indians. Once the land had been distributed among the American Indians, the remaining land was open for white Americans to obtain. Because of this act, the Indians lost approximately 67% of their
Prior to European colonization, Indigenous people were a thriving civilization with a rich and complex culture. However, when the First Fleet arrived, the lives of indigenous people were forever altered. It is impossible to give a justifiable account of the atrocities committed against Indigenous people in any format, yet alone a small poster such as this. However it is important to understand the massive impact colonization had if we are to fully appreciate resistance art.