CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND What is LNG and what are the benefits of liquefaction? Natural gas is a major source of energy, but many towns and cities that need the energy are located far from the gas fields. Transporting gas by pipeline can be costly an impractical. As such, natural gas is condensed into a liquid at close to atmospheric pressure (maximum transport pressure set at around 25 kPa) by cooling it to approximately -162°C (-260°F) in liquefaction process. It is then called liquefied natural gas (LNG) and characterized as a cryogenic liquid. LNG is a clear, colorless, non-toxic liquid that can be transported and stored more easily than natural gas because it occupies up to 600 times less space. Natural gas is composed primarily on methane, but may also contain ethane, propane and heavier hydrocarbon. Small quantities of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds, and water may also be found in natural gas. Nevertheless, the liquefaction process is also beneficial in the other way by removing some of the non-methane components such as water and carbon dioxide from the produced natural gas to prevent them from forming solids when gas is cooled to about LNG temperature or cryogenic temperature. Besides, harmful and corrosive acid gases will also be removed to ensure pipeline and facilities integrity and to avoid difficulty in downstream. As a result, LNG which is typically made up of mostly of methane as well as higher hydrocarbon percentage as compared to natural gas will be greater in value. In addition, LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG), which CNG reduces gas volume by about 200-fold. So, with same energy content of a given amount of natural gas, LNG has higher ... ... middle of paper ... ... CHAPTER 4 KEY MILESTONES & GANTT CHART REFERENCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/lng/LNG_introduction_07.php http://www.ngvc.org/pdfs/Anga_Infrastructure_LNG_Full.pdf http://total.com/en/energies-expertise/oil-gas/trading-shipping/fields-of-expertise/transportation-storage/regasification https://www2.bc.edu/~sonmeze/LNGTransshipmentPDF.pdf http://www.gastechnology.org/Training/Documents/LNG17-proceedings/8-7-Augusto_Bulte.pdf https://server1.tepper.cmu.edu/Seminars/docs/Erkut_Sonmez_LNG_paper.pdf http://www.petronas.com.my/our-business/gas-power/wgc/Pages/Malaysia%E2%80%99s-First-LNG-Regasification-Terminal.aspx http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/heating-values-fuel-gases-d_823.html http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2011/09/heating-values-natural-gas/ energy value of gas mixture APPENDICES ABC
hydrocarbons that forms during the extraction of natural gas and is used as a thinning
Even in 2016, natural gas (utilities) is not widely available, which is just one of the reasons that the gas refrigerator failed to become a contender against the electric refrigerator. They also did not participate in the development as
"Natural Gas and Its Uses." Welcome To The API Website. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. .
It is a known fact Pennsylvania is greatly impacted by the Marcellus Shale. The Marcellus Shale is a layer of black shale located under the Appalachian basin from Prehistoric times. Natural gas and oil are being extracted from this layer for their increasing economic value, with natural gas having a worth of $10 for every thousand cubic feet of it. Furthermore, improved technology such as “hydraulic fracturing” and “horizontal wells” has made Marcellus drilling more efficient and has increased the implementation of the drilling as a source of economic opportunity for not only drilling companies but for the whole state of Pennsylvania (“Marcellus Shale”). An important part of this Marcellus activity is that “most drilling is occurring in rural areas” according to Joseph Morris, a poll analyzer from Mercyhurst College (Begos, Kevin. “Gas”). Amid the economic opportunity, farmers in these areas are resistant to signing over their farmland to drilling companies. Bradford County farmer Carol French, who wrote an editorial in The Patriot News, stated, “Has anyone considered how these gas developments and industrial uses on farmland will impact agriculture production for years to come if a farmer does not have the necessary means or information to negotiate protection measures?” She fears that drilling will ruin rural property and thus unnecessarily change or hurt farmers’ economic way of life (French). However, because of the vital economic benefits that Marcellus Shale drilling has for Pennsylvania, farmers in rural areas of the state should choose to allow drilling on their property.
Fuel prices is an area of concern for the motor carrier industry. Fuel prices are at an all-time high, driving the industry to make drastic changes. Individuals in the industry believe that by reducing the demand for fuel is the best way to address the current fuel issue. One of the leading alternatives to this fuel issue could be natural gas.
Natural gas extraction and consumption has risen over the past thirty years. Also known as hydraulic fracturing or fracking, a tremendous amount of uproar is being made in the environmental and political communities. Natural gas use is a great source of energy worldwide, only in America have we had a gold rush affect when it comes to extraction. Natural gas provides less dependence on foreign oil, less need for coal plants, and a more affordable energy source worldwide. There are many advantages to using natural gas but the way in which it is being extracted has caused many people to become sick. The detrimental environmental impacts caused by hydraulic fracturing continue to rise. Not to mention the political pull on big corporations and water quality standards. Currently in the Marcellus shale in Pennsylvania and the Barnett shale in Texas, the air and water quality have diminished over the past years since drilling sites ran rampant. Natural gas is natural in terms of how it came to be, but not natural in how they extract it and the problems it is causing everyone involved. To make aware the dangers of hydraulic fracturing, environmental impacts, water quality and air emissions, must be considered.
The United States has become one of the leading producers of natural gas in the world, and now is an exporter of natural gas as well. As natural gas imports increase, the U.S. Energy Information Administration, ?Expects the United States to
XTL (Anything to Liquid) is recently emerging phrase that represented all of technologies intended to convert any source of carbon to liquid hydrocarbons. These processes have at least three main steps: syngas production, Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) and product finalizing. Syngas production might be different from feed and technology point of view and these differences affect all downstream units partially. In this step, source of carbon converted to syngas which is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Origin of the letter X in the XTL phrase depends on this carbon source since B stands for Biomass, C for Coal (bituminous or non-bituminous), G for (natural) Gas and W for Waste (petrochemical wastes, worn automobile tires and …) [1-4]. Amongst these routes steam reforming in fixed bed reformers and partial oxidation in auto thermal reactors are more attractive in industrial applications (both related to Gas to Liquid (GTL) process) [5]. Although these processes seem completely different form syngas production point of view but they are almost similar in the next step, the heart of any XTL factory, namely FTS. In FTS unit syngas converted to chains of different hydrocarbons such as paraffin, olefin, oxygenated and …, by use of sutiable catalysts of iron or cobalt based. This section is the most important section of any XTL factory and in fact XTL is translation of the classical Fischer Tropsch Synthesis the language of industrial and commercial world. Finally the hydrocarbon products might undergo some finalizing steps to reach the specifications of the market. This is the final step of a XTL process and might be comprised of different units with a variation of complexness depending on the final product quality and perhaps...
Oil and gas exporting countries depend on shipping. Shell has shipping organization in London and specialist centers in Houston, The Hague, Singapore, Perth and Tokyo. Shell converts gas in to liquid form called Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and transports it across the world via ships. Shell is the largest LNG shipping operator. Shell operates 50 of the world’s 370 LNG carriers.
Like oil, natural is a product of decomposed organic matter, usually from ancient marine microorganisms left on the bottom of bodies of waters mixed with mud, silt, and sand on the sea floor, gradually becoming buried over time. Since it is sealed off in an oxygen-free environment and exposed to increasing amounts of heat and pressure, the organic matters undergo a thermal breakdown process that converts it into hydrocarbons. The lightest of these hydrocarbons exit in the gaseous state under normal conditions and are known collectively as natural gas.
Freon. The gas is partly liquefied by the pressure in the can, but there is a
From the 1970s to the 1990s, pipelines became far more versatile than before. More pipelines were being used to transport natural gas, such as carbon dioxide for oil recovery and other natural gas liquids for a growing heating industry. Pipelines were being constructed to gather oil and gases more than a mile beneath the bottom of the
Gasification products can be divided in fuel gases and non-fuel gases. The fuel gas (mixture of Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen and traces of Methane) is called producer gas. In particular, section 2.2 focuses on the non-fuel gases such as Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, some hydrocarbons and water steam which cannot be utilized for combustion. Table 1 shows that according to the gasifier system and the gasifier agent, the biogas composition
... temperature of 112 0C also and a pressure 2.5 bar. Cooling water is used to condense the vapor exiting column. Remaining methane and hydrogen are separated in reflux drum where the vapor stream is combined with other gases streams. The overhead of first and second separator are combined to form fuel gas. The liquid stream exiting in the bottoms of the reflux drum is pumped at pressure of 3.3 bar for discharging pressure. The pump stream is separated in two streams. One stream is to feed to tray one of the column and the other one stream is cooled down to 38 0C in heat exchanger. Then, the cooled product stream is sent to storage.
made from oil and natural gas. Using plastics to replace packaging materials such as metal