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Psychology essay on aphasia and different types and research
Psychology essay on aphasia and different types and research
Psychology essay on aphasia and different types and research
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Phrenology was controversial for a couple reasons. One reason was the criticism from Pierre Flourens who used the ablation method and his findings were contradictory to phrenologists. Another controversial reason, according to the reading was that the selection of the different “faculties” was totally random. Trying to explain human differences in intelligence and personality by a restricted number of those faculties was not a valid method. Some positive consequences from Franz Gall’s idea of phrenology were that it kind of opened the door to looking at individual differences and studying personality. Another positive consequence was that phrenology supports that the brain is the organ of the mind and that mental processes originate in the brain and should be studied and to see if parts of the brain perform different functions. 2. Aphasia is the loss of ability to understand speech or produce speech and is caused from brain damage in the left hemisphere. Paul Broca found that loss of speech was due to damage in the left frontal lobe. Broca …show more content…
The way they constructed their studies was very different. Titchner required much more participation from the person/subject than Wundt did. Titchner would actually have the subjects describe their sensations, not their perceptions. Contrary to that, Wundt just had subjects respond with a response such as “yes” or “no” based on if they perceived the stimulus or if they did not. Another big difference between them was that Titchner thought that experimentation is how we figure out mental functioning and Wundt agreed with that for simple mental functions only but he did not agree with experimentation for higher mental
...ut a 7 years old girl which loss her ability to understand speech. She had a normal hearing and understood various environmental sounds. Her brain was computerized using axial tomography but the result was normal. But electroencephalogram showed wave activity from her left side of the temporal leads. She was diagnose as having verbal auditory agnosia. The treatment consisted of diazepam therapy. Diazepam therapy orally began with taking 2 mg diazepam every day. Diazepam is commonly used to treat anxiety,panic attacks,insomnia and some other medical issues. One year later, her impaired auditory was dramatically improved. The dichotic listening test revealed a left ear advantage for both environmental sounds and spoken words. The results seemed to suggest that in this patient the right hemisphere might be functioning as a speech center instead of the left one.
Rationalism and empiricism were two philosophical schools in the 17th and 18th centuries, that were expressing opposite views on some subjects, including knowledge. While the debate between the rationalist and empiricist schools did not have any relationship to the study of psychology at the time, it has contributed greatly to facilitating the possibility of establishing the discipline of Psychology. This essay will describe the empiricist and rationalist debate, and will relate this debate to the history of psychology.
He was an empiricist, meaning he had to make logical or empirical connections in order for something to be cognitively meaningful. “There is a great difference between the system of logical interconnections of thought and the actual way in which thinking processes are performed. The psychological operations of thinking are rather vague and fluctuating processes; they almost never keep to the ways prescribed by logic and may even skip whole groups of operations which would be needed for a complete exposition of the subject in question. That is valid for thinking in daily life, as well as for the mental procedure of a man of science, who is confronted by the task of finding logical interconnections between divergent ideas about newly observed facts”. This quote from Reichenbach describes a profound problem in science. This problem is taking scientific knowledge from a scientists ideas and being able to present them to the public. Reichenbach believed that if you are unable to speak about the subject you are studying, then you do not have real knowledge of the subject. Reichenbach describes the thought processes of scientists as “psychology”. The underlying theme behind Reichenbach’s philosophy is proving that the works of many scientists that have been published are usually jargon and not supported fully. Hans Reichenbach says that even though the scientists may have the missing facts in his mind, they are not always portrayed in the work they present. This poses a huge problem; society therefore then is not able to help with such findings because they may be missing key basic facts that are essential in furthering this scientists ideas. In my opinion I believe a lot of scientists purposely leave out certain psychological dynamics in an experiment. A prime example being Leeuwenhoek. Leeuwenhoek took this to an extreme by even lying to colleagues about his work. I believe this is common practice because a
Phrenology, also known as craniology, argued that intellect and personality traits were correlated with cranial bumps on the head.
The main concern of the discipline of psychology in ancient times was the “[speculation of] the nature and locus of the mind, sensation and perception, memory, and learning”. There existed a strong connection between psychology and medicine, physiology, and neurology. The purpose of psychology, for the ancient physicians and philosophers, was to describe its procedures and demeanor in terms of science (e.g. medicine). In order to understand the emergence of psychology, the advances in medicine in these ancient cultures must be discussed. That way, one can see how psychology was linked to each one of them, in one way or the other.
Titchener, who was a one student of Wundt, on the other hand, described his system as structuralism, which involves the analysis of the structure of the mind. Tichener broke down consciousness into elemental feelings and sensations. Wundt held the belief that consciousness was vital in scientific psychology, thus dependent on structuralism. He used introspection to study the functions of the mind occurring in active experience. It is however, imperative to note that Wundt’s introspection could not be used to establish higher functions of the mind. He divided the active experiences as feelings and sensations (Titchener, 1915).
... and humanities (philosophy, languages, music and art). While early philosophers relied on methods such as observation and logic, today’s psychologists utilize scientific methodologies to study and draw conclusions about human thought and behavior. Physiology also contributed to psychology’s eventual emergence as a scientific discipline. Early physiology research on the brain and behavior had a dramatic impact on psychology, ultimately contributing to the application of scientific methodologies to the study of human thought and behavior. The ancestry of psychology is important, since they made a significant contribution to the founding of psychology even though they did not employ the scientific method.Many other issues still debated by psychologists today, such as the relative contributions of nature vs. nurture, are rooted in these early philosophical traditions.
Clinical psychology is one of the oldest school of thought in the field of psychology. Its growth has been noted from as early as the end of World War II and its beginning even further back. Clinical psychology was born out of a change in thinking about the motive behind human behaviour. Jean Jacques Rosseau in 1749 put forward the idea that humans’ natural inclination towards good had been corroded by ‘society and civilization’. Furthermore he argued that humans should be guided by their instincts rather than rational thought (Reismann, 1976). The school of thought gave rise to a new line of thinking which gave hope to the field of science that had the task of dealing with baffling illnesses such as mental disorders as it was now believed that these disorders could be diagnosed and treated in isolation. These ideals were believed to be egotistica...
Although the experimental model pushed psychology into a more advanced period, it still had its own issues that could ultimately ruin experiments. For a long time, research was conducted at colleges and universities by students who were participating just for class credit. In addition, the participant pool mostly consisted of white males. That creates a problem - a WEIRD problem. These participants were WEIRD: Western, educated, and from industrialized, rich, and democratic
Psychology started, and had a long history, as a topic within the fields of philosophy and physiology. It then became an independent field of its own through the work of the German Wilhelm Wundt, the founder of experimental psychology and structuralism. Wundt stressed the use of scientific methods in psychology, particularly through the use of introspection. In 1875, a room was set-aside for Wundt for demonstrations in what we now call sensation and perception. This is the same year that William James set up a similar lab at Harvard. Wilhelm Wundt and William James are usually thought of as the fathers of psychology, as well as the founders of psychology?s first two great ?schools? Structuralism and Functionalism. Psychologist Edward B Titchner said; ?to study the brain and the unconscious we should break it into its structural elements, after that we can construct it into a whole and understand what it does.? (psicafe.com)
The personalistic theory of modern psychology suggests that changes made in society are the direct result of an individual(s). The focus of the personalistic theory places emphasis on those thought to be unique individuals that have contributed to the progress of psychology and accomplished known achievements McCauley (2008, p. 5). Andreas Vesalius has been considered by many to be the originator of the human anatomy and William Harvey has been describing to have taken the role of laying the foundation for modern psychology Fearing (1929, p.1). Vesalius and Harvey were men both scholars of biological science, in which this field had not begun to advance until the seventeenth century.
In this world, humans and animals alike have come to communicate by using various mechanisms. Humans have advanced themselves beyond other organisms by using language, or a set of codes and symbols, in order to express themselves to others. Language has brought about a means to create new thoughts, to explore, and to analyze our everyday surroundings. It has also enabled us to retain past memories and to look deep into the advances for the future. However, for some individuals, this tool for communication has been plagued by a language and speech disorders, such as aphasia. Aphasia is the loss of the ability to speak or understand speech or written language. It is often detected at an early age, and contributes to the general class of speech and language disorders affecting "5% of school aged children" (1) . Aphasia is classified into three categories. The main two are receptive or sensory aphasia and expressive or motor aphasia. Receptive aphasia affects the input side and "the ability to understand spoken or written language may be partially or totally lost" (1) . Those with expressive aphasia "can speak but not find certain words or names, or may be totally unable to communicate verbally or by writing" (1) . For a majority of affected individuals, there is a combination of the two. The third type is conduction aphasia. This "involves disruption of transmission between the sensory and motor ends of the circuit" (1) . Here, individuals are able to produce speech despite the lack of connections to the input side. It seems that the ability to speak has a lot to do with your surroundings and how much emphasis was placed on developing this skill during the first few years after birth. Afterall, it's known that the first few years are critical because this is the time when the brain is "plastic" and is rapidly changing and being molded. By the time that adolescence is reached, the brain has become "less plastic". In this paper, I would like to explore theories proposed to try to understand the origins of this impairment.
Others highly disapproved of Wundt's work, and many others also came under scrutiny by Wundt especially, if their theories were not of his school of thought. Due to this strong contemptuous approach, many of the existing ideas that bore great significance to psychology as we know it today were dismissed by Wundt.
Even though it was the beginning of psychology, it brought much controversy. (Unit 8 Introduction.) The Structuralists were influenced by the chemists who had discovered the elements in the periodic table. The essence of Structuralism was to understand the elements of the mind, now referred to as mental chemistry. (Hergenhahn & Henley, 2014.) Wilhelm Wundt was an important person in this school. He believed that difference in reaction time would test the brain and measure decision making. (Unit 8 Introduction.) Wundt’s version of testing decision making would often consist of using introspection. A psychology based on introspection was difficult to defend. Two groups, Titchener and Wurzburg group, disagreed with one another. (Introspection Video.) These two groups in Structuralism engaged in an argument with no proven solution. As a result, a number of new schools arose, each having a different problem with Structuralism. The Behaviorists held the firm belief that introspection would never be a science. Functionalists wanted a school that was practical, putting their focus into education and individual differences. Psychoanalysts were interested in helping people who suffered from anxiety and depression. (Unit 8 Introduction.) These differencing views, along with others, lead to the death of Structuralism. There are now over ten schools of psychology. (Introspection
Several persons contributed to the development of physiological psychology; such as Charles Darwin who were a biologist and whose theory of evolution revolutionized biology and strongly influenced early psychologists, René Descartes a philosopher and mathematician, Hermann von Helmholtz and Johannes Muller etc.Amongst them one of