1.0 What is water hardness?
Water hardness is the amount of calcium and magnesium dissolved in water. When water passes through ground or rocks for example limestone the calcium and magnesium is dissolved into the water thus producing hard water. Water hardness does not easily give good lather with soap. There are two types of hardness, temporary and permanent. Temporary hardness is caused by dissolved calcium and magnesium bicarbonates. Boiling the water can soften temporary hardness, by boiling, it converts the bicarbonates into insoluble carbonates. Magnesium sulphates that are very soluble and calcium sulphates that are slightly soluble cause permanent hardness. Permanent hardness cannot be precipitated.
1.1 How is it measured?
The hardness of
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Lime-soda ash is used to remove the carbonate hardness by precipitation. It does not completely remove the hardness however it is effective in reducing it. It is effective if used to soften temporary hardness. To remove the calcium bicarbonate from the water slaked lime is used. By reacting with the calcium bicarbonate it forms a soluble calcium carbonate, which is then removed by filtering. However a restriction of using lime-soda ash is that it will not work on a lab scale experiment. “An additional deterrent to home use of the lime-soda ash treatment is the size of the equipment necessary, together with the high cost of this method of treatment.” (Lime-Soda Ash Water Treatment Method)
1.3 Research question
What is the most cost effective method for purifying hard water?
1.4 Aim
The aim for this experiment is to find the most cost effective method for purifying hard water.
1.5 Hypothesis
If using ion exchange resin beads softens the hard water then the water will become purified because it will eliminate the calcium and magnesium ions, which is what causes hard water to be formed. Ion exchange allows efficient elimination of
Two solutions were prepared by using Calcium Nitrate Ca(〖NO_3)〗_2 with concentration of 0.101 M, Potassium Iodate KIO_3 with concentration of 0.100 M, and deionized water. First solution contained 25.0 mL of Calcium Nitrate and 25.0 mL of Potassium Iodate. In the second solution, 15.0 mL of deionized water were added with 10.0 mL Calcium Nitrate and 25.0 mL of Potassium Iodate. Each of these solutions was mixed for 15 minutes. After the reaction of the solutions took place, each of the solutions was filtered. To remove water liquid from the filtered solution, both of the precipitates in the
Tampa Bay Water is a seawater desalination plant located in Tampa, Florida. Their method of desalination of ocean water or brackish groundwater is another method to obtaining water from fresh surfaces or groundwater sources. This could be used to replace the need for a water supply dam. There are several different technologies that exist to remove salt and other impurities from ocean water. The two most commonly used methods are thermal distillation and desalination. Thermal distillation copies the natural water cycle by using heat to create a vapor that is converted into freshwater. Desalination is a process that removes some amount of salt and other minerals from saline water. The traditional process used is vacuum distillation, which boils water at less than atmospheric pressure making the water sit at a much lower temperature than normal. This is due to the fact that the boiling of liquid occurs when the vapor pressure equals the outside pressure and vapor pressure increases with temperature. Due to the reduced temperature, low-temperature "waste" heat from electrical power generation or industrial processes can be used. The processes use membranes to desalinate, by applying standard reverse osmosis technology. These membrane processes use semi-permeable membranes and pressure to separate salts from water.
Saturated sodium chloride solution, also known as brine solution, is used to wash the distillate mixture. The distillate mixture is the phosphoric acid the co-distilled with the product. The brine solution also removes most of the water from the 4-methylcyclohexane layer. When six drops of 4-methylcyclohexene were added with two
Strong heating of calcium carbonate produces calcium oxide, CaO, and carbon dioxide. tlcQeA from tlcQeA coursewrok tlcQeA work tlcQeA info tlcQeA CaCO3(s) à ƒaO (s) + CO2 (g)coce cer sececew orce cek ince foce ce. Limestone is given the equation CaO, slaked lime is produced when CaO reacts with water, this is where further amount of H2O is added which turns this into a saturated aqueous solution known as limewater. Ca(OH)2 (aq) and is used for tests to show the presence of CO2.
There are 80 countries that have been suffering from a lack of clean water, and two billion people lack access to freshwater, especially South Africa (Alois). This area of countries is the driest in the world - Sudan, Ethiopia, Egypt and so on. Like in the book A Long Walk to Water by Linda Sue Park, Nya, who lives in Sudan, has been lacking clean water. She has to find water every day for her family. Luckily, Nya got help from Salva who used to live in Sudan and came back from America to build the water system for her village. However, there are still many people around the world that have been suffering to find clean water for basic use. There are many factors that cause a lack of clean water around the world: geography of countries, deforestation,
For example, a study from the Voice Institute of New York found that drinking alkaline water with a pH of 8.8 can help deactivate pepsin. Pepsin is the main enzyme that causes acid reflux. Another study published in the Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine suggests that drinking alkaline water may be beneficial for people who suffer from high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Meanwhile, the study from the University of Alberta concludes, “it would be prudent to consider an alkaline diet to reduce morbidity and mortality of chronic disease that are plaguing our aging
The water hardness is most commonly measured using two different units, either parts per million or parts per gallon. The four samples involved in this project are: Filtered water from a water bottle, water from the Spring Creek Park at State College, water from the Janitor’s closet, and tap water from Copper Beech apartment. In this experiment, these samples were subjected to various tests and procedures to determine specific things in each case. These stages were, determination of water hardness by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA), evaporation of the water to give total dissolved solids, divalent cation analysis by EDTA titration, determination of the hardness of water sample, water softening with a commercial water-conditioning agent in this case resin, and divalent cation removal ion exchange. After all these steps, and after testing all four of the water samples we were able to determine how to get the water hardness from any water sample the factors involved in the hardness levels, as well as its implications depending on what the water wants to be used for. Therefore, for this experiment there is an expectation of having the following
Investigating the Hardness of Water Planning Aim To investigate the hardness of water in 5 different water solutions Background knowledge about hard water The hardness of water is caused by the presence of Calcium 2+ and magnesium 2+ ions in the water. These minerals in water can cause some everyday problems. They react with soap and produce a deposit called "soap scum" that remains on the skin and clothes and, because it is insoluble and sticky, cannot be removed by rinsing. Soap curd changes the pH of the skin and may cause infection and irritation. It also remains on the hair making it dull and difficult to manage.
Softening Hard Water With Sodium Carbonate Prediction ---------- In a preliminary experiment, we discovered that adding 1g. Na2CO3 to hard water softened it slightly. We tested both tap water and distilled water with the sodium stearate and discovered that tap water was far harder than distilled water, we then tested tap water that 1g of Na2CO3 had been applied to. This solution was softer than the original tap water.
It might be easier to live a healthy life for many people, but for others it can be very challenging. I have tried to be healthy so many times, but I always fell off the wagon. For many days I would “feel” healthy, but in reality I was not the healthiest person mentally or physically. I knew that I had to change my behavior, and become healthier (or at least almost healthy) if I wanted to live a longer life. I began my journey by drinking more water, balancing my eating with exerting, all while trying to stay mentally well.
There are many types of pollution. The main types of pollution are water, air, soil, thermal, radioactive, noise, and light. The topic for this experiment is Water Pollution. Water Pollution became a problem in the 1900’s when water started being treated like sewage. Earth Day was founded by United States Senator Gaylord Nelson on April 22, 1970 because of 1900’s pollution. Water Pollution also affects humans and animals. There was a Cholera outbreak in 1854, before water pollution became a problem, and a Typhoid outbreak in New York from 1900 to 1915. There are multiple possible causes to Water Pollution. Humans let out chemicals into the environment, and when some of those chemicals
Wastewater is the combination of water-carried or liquid wastes starting in the sanitary conveniences of dwellings, industrial or commercial facilities. In addition to this, surface water, groundwater and storm water may also be present. It is any water that has been badly affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. It contains waste from residential, industrial and commercial processes. Municipal water contains industrial wastewater, sewage and gray water. Gray water is the water from sinks and showers. Large industries also produce wastewater.
Water is one of the most essential non-renewable natural resources on the Earth. Technically, an un-hydrated human being can live no more than three days. In the United States, people consume water mainly from tap water and bottle water. However, the consumption between these two sources is not even but lean to one side heavily. According to the Natural Resources Defense Council, people consume from 240 to over 10000 times more per gallon for bottled water than they usually do for tap water. (NRDC) In addition, according to a survey from US National Library of Medicines, only 17% of the participants prefer to drink tap water exclusively.(US National Library) Compared to the bottled water which is shining like a superstar, tap water is like a diligent worker in the shade, unpopular but useful. The extremely unbalance of bottled water consumption implies that a commonly hold conception exists: bottle water is superior to tap water. In fact, scientific evidence proves that tap water is nothing different than bottle water. More importantly, the excessive consumption of bottled water is an irrational use of resources and creates severe environmental issues.
When water contains a lot of calcium and magnesium, it is called hard water. Hard water is not suited for all purposes water is normally used for.
Water plays such an important role in our daily lives. 70% of our body is composed of water. 70% of the earth surface is also made up of water, but out of the 70%, only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount has been continuously to decrease as more and more industries began to pollute and damage the water. For example, many toxic chemicals may be released into the water thus making the water impure. Such pollutions and damages lead the water to be contaminated and inconsumable as it may cause severe diseases. Water purification can remove all the unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the water that is hazardous for our health. Water purification may also improve the flavor and appearance of water. It removes the unpleasant odor. Therefore, water purification became one of the most useful and popular process used by people all over the world today. It is by far the most recommended and safest water treatment that is commonly used to purify damaged water into consumable water. Water purification provides us with safe, pure and clean water to consume and use.