The main purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of water hardness and its implications. To be able to do this, the experiment was divided into many sections, that let us understand, calculate and determine many other things about different water samples such as concentration in different units, the effects of resin on the concentration, titration procedures and more. Being more specific about the importance of water hardness, the definition of this concept has to be explained in order to better understand the purpose of this experiment. According to Perlman (2014), water hardness is defined as “the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in the water. Hard water is high in dissolved minerals, both calcium and magnesium.” …show more content…
Moreover, the Chemtrek explains that “the importance of the hardness of water is reflected in the fact that manufacturers of fabric and dishwashing detergents formulate their products with ingredients specifically designed to complex Ca2+ and Mg2+” (p.10-3). Also, the water hardness has a great importance when it comes to home and industries as well. For example, many researchers have shown that there is a relationship between water hardness and cardiovascular diseases. Even though this has not been completely proved, there are some standard levels of calcium and magnesium required to have for drinking water in order to prevent these issues. The water hardness levels of calcium have to be somewhere around 40ppm to 80ppm, and for magnesium around 20ppm to 30ppm. In industries, water hardness can also represent a problem if it not used in a certain way. For example, hard water can cause plumbing to clog, which is made by precipitation of calcium and magnesium. Together that solid formed can be very corrosive and can accumulate up until a certain point in which it damages the plumbing …show more content…
The water hardness is most commonly measured using two different units, either parts per million or parts per gallon. The four samples involved in this project are: Filtered water from a water bottle, water from the Spring Creek Park at State College, water from the Janitor’s closet, and tap water from Copper Beech apartment. In this experiment, these samples were subjected to various tests and procedures to determine specific things in each case. These stages were, determination of water hardness by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA), evaporation of the water to give total dissolved solids, divalent cation analysis by EDTA titration, determination of the hardness of water sample, water softening with a commercial water-conditioning agent in this case resin, and divalent cation removal ion exchange. After all these steps, and after testing all four of the water samples we were able to determine how to get the water hardness from any water sample the factors involved in the hardness levels, as well as its implications depending on what the water wants to be used for. Therefore, for this experiment there is an expectation of having the following
Osmosis Experiment Planning Aim: The main subject that I will be planning to investigate is the effects of a concentrated sucrose solution on potato cells on the basis of the Osmosis theory. Background knowledge: The plant cell and its structure To understand osmosis in detail I will need to explain the plant cell (which is the cell included in the osmosis experiment) and its cell membrane. Below I have a diagram of a plant cell: [IMAGE] Osmosis is about the movement of particles from a higher concentrated solution to a lower concentrated solution to create an ethical balance via a partially or semi permeable cell membrane. Osmosis in simple terms is the exchange of particles between the cytoplasm inside the cell and the solution outside the cell. What makes this exhange is the partially permable cell membrane.
The hypothesis for this experiment was, If three different types of waters (saltwater, fresh water, tap water) are tested, then the liquids won’t evaporate at the same rate and tap water will evaporate at the fastest rate because it won’t have any non-volatile substances to hold it back from evaporating.
As the bottled water becomes more popular, people prefer to drink bottle water over tap water. According to them, it has a better quality and taste. Unfortunately, people are being fooled by the water industries. The “purified” water, as its label, comes from municipal reserves. This research will discuss:
A cuvette was filled 3/ 4ths of the way and the absorbance measured in a spectrophotometer. The data was compiled as a class and recorded. The Spectrophotometer was blanked using a test tube of distilled water.
This would influence the results by making the reaction perform better. Without contaminates the two compounds can react with just each other instead of what has contaminated the water. The second assumption is that the water is just a vessel for the chemical reaction between magnesium hydroxide and citric acid. Assuming that magnesium hydroxide and citric acid don’t individually react with water this would make the water a vessel. Due to part one and part three of the lab this assumption is incorrect.
This would give us an extra measure of accuracy each time. Another way to improve the experiment and to produce consistent readings was to used distilled water. This is because the distilled water contains no impurities and therefore no hardness in water.
The next test we performed was the conductivity test. To carry out this test we had to take 1g of our unknown sample and mix it with 10 mL of water. Our TA told us that if the voltage meter gave us a positive number, then our substance would be considered conductive. Conductivity tells how well water can pass an electrical current. When inorganic substances are dissolved in the water it will greatly change the conductivity of water. Inorganic substances like sulfate, chloride, and nitrate will affect the water and create a high conductivity. The conductivity of distilled water is 0.5-3 Ohms. The reading the voltage meter gave us was a 84 Ohms, this is considered to be very conductiv...
There is also the potential of human error within this experiment for example finding the meniscus is important to get an accurate amount using the graduated pipettes and burettes. There is a possibility that at one point in the experiment a chemical was measured inaccurately affecting the results. To resolve this, the experiment should have been repeated three times.
The purpose of this project was to discover how the pH level affects corrosion rate. The hypothesis was if the pH level affects the corrosion rate, then the lower the pH level is quicker the corrosion rate would be. This will happen because liquids below the pH level of 7 possess stronger acidic attributes. The effect of pH level on corrosion rate was determined by depositing a copper penny in each of three plastic cups, and then three different liquids by their pH levels, were assigned to be displaced into each cup formulating a chemical reaction to be observed. The results collected during this investigation contradicted with the intended result, this experiment was conducted to determine corrosion rate; Dana Puti Vingear (pH level: 4.5) 4 2/3 days, Tropicana Orange Juice (pH level 3.88) 6 1/3 days, and Sprite (pH level: 3.4) 8 days. The results showed that the hypothesis was refuted. This happened because the preconceived idea was that the liquid with the lowest pH level; Sprite, would have the quickest corrosion rate. Dana Puti Vinegar had the quickest corrosion rate proving the statement wrong, it was discovered that it contains ethanoic acid; acid containing twice the amount of carbon dioxide than a regular acid. To further understand this topic, future research could include; how does the amount of liquid incorporated affect the corrosion rate, how does the temperature of the liquid affect the corrosion rate, and how does the purity of iron affect the corrosion rate?
For example, a study from the Voice Institute of New York found that drinking alkaline water with a pH of 8.8 can help deactivate pepsin. Pepsin is the main enzyme that causes acid reflux. Another study published in the Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine suggests that drinking alkaline water may be beneficial for people who suffer from high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Meanwhile, the study from the University of Alberta concludes, “it would be prudent to consider an alkaline diet to reduce morbidity and mortality of chronic disease that are plaguing our aging
Moisture is heavy, and thus it can change the results of the experiment, as we only want the weight of magnesium and the magnesium oxide.
1999, 71, 181-215. Minear, R., Amy, G.. Water Disinfection and Natural Organic Matter: History and Overview. ACS Symposium Series -. 1996, 649, 1-9. Richardson, S. Water Analysis: Emerging Containments and Current Issues. Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2003, 75, 2831-2857.
Water quality can be described as the measurement of the condition of water relative to the requirements of humans, animals and plant’s need. When we talk about water quality testing, we are highlighting a critical piece of natural observing for civil engineers in order to create a specific structure or decision. At the point when water quality is poor, it influences almost every single form of life in our planet; going from plants to animals and thereon. Hydrology, in the other hand, is the study of water. It is important to state that hydrology is a critical part for civil engineers to determine and predicting decisions that will affect our biological environment.
When water contains a lot of calcium and magnesium, it is called hard water. Hard water is not suited for all purposes water is normally used for.
Water plays such an important role in our daily lives. 70% of our body is composed of water. 70% of the earth surface is also made up of water, but out of the 70%, only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount has been continuously to decrease as more and more industries began to pollute and damage the water. For example, many toxic chemicals may be released into the water thus making the water impure. Such pollutions and damages lead the water to be contaminated and inconsumable as it may cause severe diseases. Water purification can remove all the unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the water that is hazardous for our health. Water purification may also improve the flavor and appearance of water. It removes the unpleasant odor. Therefore, water purification became one of the most useful and popular process used by people all over the world today. It is by far the most recommended and safest water treatment that is commonly used to purify damaged water into consumable water. Water purification provides us with safe, pure and clean water to consume and use.