Investigating the Hardness of Water
Planning
Aim
To investigate the hardness of water in 5 different water solutions
Background knowledge about hard water
The hardness of water is caused by the presence of Calcium 2+ and
magnesium 2+ ions in the water. These minerals in water can cause some
everyday problems. They react with soap and produce a deposit called
"soap scum" that remains on the skin and clothes and, because it is
insoluble and sticky, cannot be removed by rinsing. Soap curd changes
the pH of the skin and may cause infection and irritation. It also
remains on the hair making it dull and difficult to manage. Soap scum
picks up the dirt from laundry water and holds it on cloth,
contributing to a grey appearance of white clothes. It is especially
troublesome when wash water is allowed to drain through the clothes.
The use of synthetic detergents may help a little, but the active
ingredient in the detergent is partially inactivated by hardness and
more detergent must be used for the same cleaning task. Some
detergents will produce soap during the reaction with oil or grease on
the surface being cleaned and as a result they will also deposit soap
curd. A ring around the bathtub and spotting on glassware, chrome, and
sinks are constant problems in the presence of hard water. They
require additional rinsing and wiping, increasing the time spent on
everyday cleaning.
Cooking with hard water can also be difficult, producing scale on
pots. Some vegetables cooked in hard water lose colour and flavour.
Beans and peas become tough and shrivelled. Hard water may also
shorten the life of plumbing and water heaters. When water containing
calcium carbonate is heated, a hard scale is formed that can plug
pipes and coat heating elements. Scale is also a poor heat conductor.
With increased deposits on the unit, heat is not transmitted to the
water fast enough and overheating of the metal causes failure.
Build-up of deposits will also reduce the efficiency of the heating
Two solutions were prepared by using Calcium Nitrate Ca(〖NO_3)〗_2 with concentration of 0.101 M, Potassium Iodate KIO_3 with concentration of 0.100 M, and deionized water. First solution contained 25.0 mL of Calcium Nitrate and 25.0 mL of Potassium Iodate. In the second solution, 15.0 mL of deionized water were added with 10.0 mL Calcium Nitrate and 25.0 mL of Potassium Iodate. Each of these solutions was mixed for 15 minutes. After the reaction of the solutions took place, each of the solutions was filtered. To remove water liquid from the filtered solution, both of the precipitates in the
Throughout The Awakening, water the main motif serves as a catalyst to the metamorphosis of Edna. During the length of the story Edna goes through a process of changes that coincides with the presence of water. Water serves as a conduit for liberation and empowerment that facilitates the rebirth and even death of Edna. In this essay I will argue that the motif of water represents the continual transformations that occur within Edna throughout the story.
perform a lot of procedures in order to obtain an anhydrous alum at the end. What we first wanted to obtain was a hydrated alum crystal. To achieve this, we broken down aluminum foil into pieces and let it reacts with 25mL of 3M KOH. Next, we filtered it to get rid of any undissolved particles. Furthermore, we heated the solution and let it rest until crystals were formed, and then cooled it once again to get the hydrated alum crystals. Then, we washed/filtered the crystals by wetting them with a non-soluble solution and let the crystals dry. After that, we took 2g of the alum crystals and burned them on a crucible, taking its mass beforehand. Lastly, we heated the solution for five more minutes and let it cool to room temperature.
My science fair project is to find the solubility of salt and sand.Solubility is the measure of how much solute can dissolve in a given solvent at a given temperature.A solute is the part of a solution that is dissolved by a solvent.A solvent is the part of a solution that is usually present in the largest amount and dissolves a solute.A solution is a mixture containing a solvent and at least one solute that has the same properties throughout; a mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another.
As the bottled water becomes more popular, people prefer to drink bottle water over tap water. According to them, it has a better quality and taste. Unfortunately, people are being fooled by the water industries. The “purified” water, as its label, comes from municipal reserves. This research will discuss:
How Water Is Related To Chemistry Water is a polar solvent, its molecule is covalently bonded that makes up for an unequal sharing of the electrons resulting in partially positive and partially negative water molecule. Organic molecules like Ethane and many other molecules are non-polar, that is they neither have a positive nor a negative end. As a result, he individual molecules within the water are greatly interconnected because of the presence of weak hydrogen bonds. Water acts as a universal solvent. All the living things are made up of entities, called atoms and molecules, and these entities are inside aqueous solutions that is the solutions containing elements dissolvable in water. Defining solutions, these are homogeneous mixtures of the molecules made up of two or more elements. Usually, the solvent is the substance, which is present in the solution in the largest amount, forming, most of the time a liquid. The substance that is in the lesser amount of the solvent is called solute. Disbanding of an ionically bonded compound, for instance sodium chloride or NaCl by means of water is the easiest process. Nevertheless, looking at their molecular makeup sets up the solubility of a lot of molecules. The biochemical foundation for this process is that the organic breaks up in to compounds called lipids that lack polar covalent bonding in certain regions. Fats are member of the lipids group. The polar water molecule that is covalently bonded behaves so as to keep out non-polar molecules that result in the clumping together of fats. Thus, the make up of a lot of molecules to a great extent affect their solubility. Water has a tendency to break down into H+ and OH- ions. During this disassociation process, the oxygen hold on to t...
Warmer water temperature discharged by waste industrial heat into water can affect many aquatic species that cannot tolerate the warmth. A higher level of temperature can result in low oxygen concentrations by speeding up the rate of decomposition of organic matter. "The discharges are often associated with coal-or nuclear-fuelled power plants, and sometimes with large factories." (H.J. Dorcey). The increase of heat materials dumped into water can increase the temperature level in the water bodies and can affect all living organisms within that body. There are many disadvantaging technology which has been affecting water and raising the water temperature from normal. For example, electric power plants might withdraw water from nearby water bodies for the purpose of cooling in the plant and then return the heated water back to the same water body. This is insanely affecting the regular temperature. If the water is not the same, it can lead to many damages within the water body. For example, fishes will dies exhausted from the warmth and it will also affect other aquatic organisms causing them to boil in the water caused by others, sacrificing these creatures. Water from excessively heating up can be best prevented by using special cooling towers and ponds that disperse the energy into the
Investigating the Solubility of Table Salt in Distilled Water at Different Temperatures The aim of this essay is to explain and discuss the drug cannabis and its effects in relation to biochemical, behavioural and psychological factors. The introduction will outline a brief history relating to the drug and include both the medicinal and recreational purposes of its use. The main discussion will explain how the drug chemistry affects the nervous system emphasising what neurotransmitter is effected and also what behavioural and psychological implications this has on the user.
Strong heating of calcium carbonate produces calcium oxide, CaO, and carbon dioxide. tlcQeA from tlcQeA coursewrok tlcQeA work tlcQeA info tlcQeA CaCO3(s) à ƒaO (s) + CO2 (g)coce cer sececew orce cek ince foce ce. Limestone is given the equation CaO, slaked lime is produced when CaO reacts with water, this is where further amount of H2O is added which turns this into a saturated aqueous solution known as limewater. Ca(OH)2 (aq) and is used for tests to show the presence of CO2.
For example, a study from the Voice Institute of New York found that drinking alkaline water with a pH of 8.8 can help deactivate pepsin. Pepsin is the main enzyme that causes acid reflux. Another study published in the Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine suggests that drinking alkaline water may be beneficial for people who suffer from high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Meanwhile, the study from the University of Alberta concludes, “it would be prudent to consider an alkaline diet to reduce morbidity and mortality of chronic disease that are plaguing our aging
In soft neutral water soap works very well. However in hard water those containing ions (calcium and magnesium ions) the soap reacts with the ions forming insoluble salts, scum which settles on fabrics and around the bath. A scum is also the result when soap is used in acidic water. Soap is also affected by the nature of the dirt, for example perspiration breaks down the soap reducing the washing power. There are other disadvantages of soap, it deteriorates on storage lacks cleaning power and doesn’t rinse out completely.
1999, 71, 181-215. Minear, R., Amy, G.. Water Disinfection and Natural Organic Matter: History and Overview. ACS Symposium Series -. 1996, 649, 1-9. Richardson, S. Water Analysis: Emerging Containments and Current Issues. Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2003, 75, 2831-2857.
Rinse off the soap using clean water. In the event that you are not using running water from the tap, fetch another bucket/bowl of clean water to wash your hands with.
The techniques and the technology used to remove impurities from waste and supply water have greatly evolved. They have increased in efficiency, precision, and some are less environmentally endangering, but they have also increased in scale and in cost. It is concerning that the need of purification has increased on a large scale, but it is a concept which has been present for centuries and one which is vitally important to our society. If waste and supply water are not properly transported and treated there would be many consequences such as disease outbreaks, harmful pollution, poisoning, etc… Thus it is important that each town or city has a good sewage and/or pipe system as well as a functioning waste and supply water treatment plant.
Long ago, washing clothes was done through the process of rubbing sand on clothes, or by smashing the article of clothing with hard rocks. Also, by dipping clothing in water which removed excess dirt. Another way to get clothes clean long ago was, boats used to carry clothes in bags and dragged the bags in the water to clean the clothes or whatever else was in the bag. Many tried to think of simpler ways to wash clothes, but there was no troubled principle to get clothes clean. For using water to remove dirt was the base principle. Some of the first washing machines were hand operated and were wash boards. Then, in 1858 was when mechanical washing machines became introduced. This was a big step, for soon people around the world would try to keep improving this marvelous invention. Shortly after, Alva Fisher was said to have made the worlds first electric washing machine around 1907. “It was not until the modern washing machine was invented that women were freed from this hard work” ( Field Enterprises Educational Corporation 45 ). However, many ...