V5 Neuropsychology,Patient Impact And Family Considerations
explanatory Essay
1675 words
V5 Neuropsychology,Patient Impact And Family Considerations
Neuropsychology
After an individual damages the MT/v5 area of the
occipital lobe, it can be very beneficial for the
individual to go through neuropsychological evaluations to
assess their perceptual and cognitive abilities post-trauma
or surgery. A Neuropsychologist determines what tests are
appropriate to adequately identify the extent of the
cognitive and behavioral consequential effects associated
with the damage sustained by the MT/v5 area.
In the example of SF, the epileptic mentioned earlier
by (Nawrot et al, 2000), SF had a series of motion
perception test administered to determine the effects of
her surgery. In the case of SF, pre and post-surgery tests
were given to measure how the removal of the lesion in the
MT+ area of her occipital lobe effected her perceptual
abilities. The random dot cinematograms (RDC) test, was
selected to measure SF perception and the consequential
effects of damage sustained to her occipital lobe areas.
After these tests were administered, the Neuropsychologist
is able to rank the patients test score against the mean
scores that represent normal performance range. In the
case of SF, the perception tests were able to show the
amount of time it took for her MT/v5 area to adapt to its
new conditions. The Neuropsychologist then compares SF's
perceptual performance to her pre-surgery ranges. These
results helped (Nawrot et al, 2000) suggest that either
dendritic sprouting or the opposite hemisphere compensation
occurred in order to compensate for damage of SF MT/v5
area. The importance of these tests, are to help the
Neuropsychologist determine the necessary steps needed for
the rehabilitation of the patient. In the case of SF,
these results helped conclude that the removal of lesion in
the MT to reduce her seizures was worth it. The amount of
seizures was greatly reduced post surgery and the visual
and perceptual deficits experienced by SF after the surgery
were short lived.
Another example of the types of tests used by
Neuropsychologist to identify the effects of head trauma,
are illustrated in the case study of BC, a 45 year old
women with visual-perceptual deficits. (Vaina et al, 2002,
p. 465) The Performance part of the Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) was administered by the
Neuropsychologist to assess BC's perceptual and cognitive
abilities. Three tests in the Performance IQ set were
administered, Picture Completion, Block Design, and Object
In this essay, the author
- Explains the importance of neuropsychological evaluations after an individual damages the mt/v5 area of theoccipital lobe.
- Explains how the removal of the lesion in the mt+ area of sf's occipital lobe affected her perceptualabilities.
- Describes how the neuropsychologist evaluates sf's perception and the consequential effects of damage sustained to her occipital lobe areas.
- Explains the importance of these tests to help the neuropsychologist determine the necessary steps needed for rehabilitation of the patient.
- Explains that the mt to reduce her seizures was worth it. the visual and perceptual deficits experienced by sf after the surgery were short lived.
- Explains that the neuropsychologist administered the wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised (wais-r) to assess bc's perceptual and cognitiveabilities.
- Explains that the neuropsychologist gave bc a test to determine her ability to interpret complex pictures or visual fields.
- Explains the significance of this test to help the neuropsychologist identify whether or not bc would experience problems with object recognition.
- Explains that mt/v5 area of the occipital lobe would cause temporary problems with visualperception, especially in motion perception. lesions within the area improve or even completely recover their previous perceptual abilities within a few days.
- Explains that a head injury can cause emotional and other side effects beyond the occipital cortex. dr. dell orto and dr power's theorized in their book head injury and the family some of the potentialdetermining factors.
- Explains that the personality type of an individual before the trauma seems to be the first important factor in how anindividual responds. dependent personality types are more inclined to become even more dependent onothers and social support post-trauma.
- Explains that people who are concerned about their body image might have a hard time seeing themselves post-trauma that could lead to symptoms of depression.
- Explains that a person who is blind or has limited visual processing is less likely to freak out after the affects of v5 trauma.
- Explains that a neuropsychologist can give tests to see the extent of the trauma and givepotential rehabilitative activities for the patient topractice.
- Explains that the fifth factor that impacts a patients reaction to head trauma isfamilial and societal reactions to the injury.
- Explains that they experienced guilt, depression, and inadequacy after recognizing the financial consequences of their brain injury.
- Opines that the family plays a significant role in the patient's reaction to the head injury.
- Opines that the negative consequences of their condition were easily observed through their family members'thoughts and actions.
- Explains that they felt guilty because it made their parents lifeharder. they adapted the behavior of not taking prescription medication, along with not seeking medical attention because of the absurd cost of medical care.
- Narrates how their father reinforced the idea that if they were ever put on lifesupport, their parents would pull the plug, resulting in their death.
- Narrates how they began to deny the severity of their head trauma condition due to their parents' reactions to it. this denial led them to lie to the theneurologist about the extent of my seizures.
- Explains that they felt like they would die rather than live with this condition that has caused pain and suffering to their family as well as themselves.
- Explains that visual deficits in a patient with kaleidoscopic disintegration of the visual world are related to regional cerebral correlates of global motion perception.
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In this essay, the author
- Explains that there are many classifications of tumors that compress or destroythe hypothalamus.
- Explains that glioma of the hypothalamus produces hypopituitarism withdelayed puberty, growth retardation, and diabetes insipidus.
- Explains hypothalamus is disruption of hormone release or hormonedeficiency. gonadotropin, thyroid stimulating, adrenocorticotopic, growth, multiple, andpanhypopituitarism are common types of hormonal deficiencies.
- Explains that hypothyroidism is caused by a lack of thyroid stimulating hormone, which leads to weight gain, fatigue, and pale, waxy skin.
- Describes adrenalocorticotopic hormone deficiency as low levels of corticotropin, a hormone that stimulates the adrenalgland to produce cortisol.
- Explains that growth hormone is administered to children with this condition and in adults may help restore the healthy muscle to fat ratio. multiple hormone deficiency occurs in a specific order.
- Explains that hypopituitarism can start suddenly as in the case of traumaticbrain injury.
- Explains that hypothalamus damages include diabetes, elevated prolactin levels, visual disturbances, obesity, psychiatricdisturbances, hypersomnolence, and growth retardation in children.
- Explains the effects of lesions to the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus, including aphagia, salivation, oral sensoryfunctions, general sensory function, and oral function.
- Explains that aphagia from lateral hypothalamic lesions affects the general motor activity of rats, causing them to starve even when food is abundant.
- Explains that rats' appetite can be minimally restored after extended tube-feeding. lesions to the lateral hypothalamus also severely depress drinking behavior.
- Explains that schedule-induced polydipsia is a mysterious condition that occurs in food-deprived animals.
- Explains that an animal is fed small amounts of food intermittently, it will drink much more than usual but only in short bursts after eachserving. schedule-induced polydipsia is greatly decreased in animals that have recovered from lateral hypothalamic lesions.
- Explains that ventromedial hypothalamic lesions lead to hyperphagia, obesity, accelerated gastrointestinal transit, increased insulin secretion and disruption of hormonal secretions.
- Explains that unilateral medial hypothalamiclesions produce little or no hyperphagia, and bigger lesions are linked with more severe symptoms.
- Explains that ventromedial hypothalamic lesions in rats are followed by two phases of eating behavior.
- Explains that hyperphagia and obesity are secondary to metabolic changes mediated by the autonomic nervous system.
- Argues that hyperphagia is aside effect of hyperinsulinemia and medial hypothalamus hasno direct role in food intake control.
- Explains that many ventromedially lesioned rats would die if they drink a 0.025% quinine solution.
- Explains that fear-induced aggression is increased by stimulation or destruction of the ventral medial hypothalamus. neural networks regulate hunger function independently of those regulating predatory behavior.
- Explains that tumors in the posterior hypothalamus cause increased irritability and rage attacks.
- Describes how the surgeon performs "sedative" surgery on patients with saidirritability syndrome to correct what may be animbalance of ergotropic over tropotropic neural networks.
- Explains that damage to the hypothalamus can also affect sleep patterns andeffectiveness of the immune system.
- Cites mcginty, colin, morrison, adrian, and parmeggiani as examples of hypopopituitarism.
- Introduces ritter, robert c., weijnen, jan a.w.m. and joseph mendelson.
1563 wordsRead More - Psycological Disorders: 6.5 vs. 93.5opinion essayLike what Myers says in his psych book, “People are fascinated by the exceptional, the unusual, the abnormal” (Myers 2013). This statement that is presented in the book is really ultimately true. People study people, whether intentional or not. The more “different” one individual is from society, the more he or she stands out and is made an outcast from the rest of society. Those who possess disorders are different, though they cannot help it and they should not be isolated, but they are.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that myers' psych book, "people are fascinated by the exceptional, the unusual, and the abnormal," is true. people study people, whether intentional or not.
- Explains that 450 million people in the world suffer from mental or behavioral disorders, which account for roughly 6.5% of the population.
- Explains that even after we categorize "flawed" individuals into the "broken" column, we then again split them into categories that best align those who are similar.
- Explains that anxiety is broken up into five groups in the book: generalized anxiety, panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsively disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
- Opines that depression and bipolar disorder are extremely dangerous and one who is around them should help out.
- Explains schizophrenia, or split mind, is when an individual tends to blur the lines between reality and what is in their mind that they perceive as real.
- Opines that being an "outcast" in society is not bad. stephen hawking with als and dr. john nash are just two of the individuals.
- Opines that although living with a disorder is difficult, it does not make us any less human.
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813 wordsRead More - The Effects of Schizophrenia throughout a Lifetimeexplanatory essaySchizophrenia, which affects approximately 51 million people around the world, is a disorder of the brain which causes one to interpret reality in a manner that is considered abnormal. While the cause of schizophrenia is unknown, numerous scientists believe that schizophrenia arises from a combination of factors including chemical imbalance in the brain, environmental influence, and heredity. Schizophrenia can have a negative effect on one's life if not properly treated, however, if managed well, with the right medication; a person with schizophrenia can lead a long and fulfilling life.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that schizophrenia has existed since before the time of pharaohs. the word'schizophrenia' was coined by eugen bleuler in 1911.
- Explains that schizophrenia arises from three main causes: genetics, environment, and abnormalities in brain structure.
- Explains the symptoms of schizophrenia, which include social withdrawal, hostility or suspiciousness, lack of emotional expression, depression, oversleeping or insomnia, irrational statements, inability to concentrate and strange usage of words.
- Explains that schizophrenia suffers from delusions, which can be broken down into four primary categories: persecution, reference, grandeur, and control.
- Describes hallucinations as sensations experienced as real but which exist only in one's mind and can involve any of the senses.
- Analyzes the signs of disorganized speech, including loose associations, neologisms, perseveration, and clang. schizophrenia may disrupt and destroy a person's ability to take care of themselves or interact with others.
- Explains the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as inexpressive or blank faces, apathy, social withdrawal, and low energy.
- Explains that schizophrenia can begin to exhibit symptoms in childhood, but other developmental disorders must be ruled out first. schizophrenia is more severe during women's menstrual cycles.
- Explains that while there is no cure for schizophrenia, researchers have been working hard to find one.
- Explains that schizophrenia affects approximately 51 million people around the world. it is a mental disorder that causes one to interpret reality abnormally.
1962 wordsRead More - Psychology, the Brain, and Depressionanalytical essayPsychology, as most know, is the study of the mind and personal or group thoughts, feelings, and emotions in humans and animals. Scientists study, analyze, and investigate many areas of psychology, but the causes and effects of mood disorders and emotion irregularities are still unrecognized. Many studies were an attempt to find more information on mental illnesses. One of the most common illnesses in the United States is depression, also; it is the most often recognized mental illness in the world. What most clinicians don’t know, however, is what happens in the brains of patients before, during, and after depressive episodes.
In this essay, the author
- Explains psychology is the study of the mind and personal or group thoughts, feelings, and emotions in humans and animals, but the causes and effects of mood disorders and emotion irregularities are still unrecognized.
- Analyzes an empirical article by dr. b. czech, a researcher from the european archives of psychiatry & clinical neuroscience, about the physical changes that develop in the brain during long-term depression.
- Concludes that the experimental study would help conclude on whether stress contributed to loss of size in the hippocampus. the czech suggests that tension and stress limited the growth of nervous tissue.
- Explains the methods used in the article to collect data were quantitative studies and qualitative observations. rats tested in laboratories helped prove that cells were not being destroyed but creation of new cells was hindered.
- Explains that distortion of neurons was not the cause, and natural apoptosis wasn't reason the hippocampus shrunk.
- Analyzes how the text book exploring psychology describes mood disorders like major depressive disorder as a sickness and explains how thoughts and feelings can be explained through the biopsychosocial approach.
- Analyzes how the article disproves the idea that cells are depleted in the hippocampus causing it to shrink.
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In this essay, the author
- Explains margaret newman's phrase "the nurse and client become partners in living through the period of disharmony and emerging at a higher level of consciousness." the patient sees the nurse as someone he or she can trust.
- Recounts how they inherited a patient from the night shift nurses in the psychiatric emergency room. they overheard the patient calling her mother to pick her up.
331 wordsRead More - The Patients in the Behavioral Health Unitexplanatory essayAs a working nurse on a behavioral health unit, I service many patients that are disadvantaged and/or vulnerable harm. There is a large population of people that are susceptible to developing illnesses and diseases. This population includes people who are: “educationally disadvantaged, economically disadvantaged, mentally disabled, handicapped, homeless, pregnant women, alcohol and substance abusers” (Henry, 2012, table 8). These people lack access to resources needed for medical care and everyday needs to sustain good health. In most cases the disadvantaged and vulnerable individuals lack daily hygiene, nutrition, sleep and physical activity. As stated in an article on the National Institute of Health (NIH) website:
In this essay, the author
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- Opines that it is important that individuals that suffer from substance abuse become aware of their problem, and communicate the issues to family or professionals to seek help.
- Opines that the nurse's role is to orient a patient who is addicted to alcohol to reality and that detoxification is not easy and the odd are against them.
- Describes the symptoms of deliruim tremons, a severe form of alcohol withdrawal that involves sudden and severe mental or nervous system changes.
- Explains that medical emergencies are to have an emergent response from a nurse while the patient is detoxing from alcohol.
- Explains that in their area of care, the most prevalent types of patients from the vulnerable population is substance abuse / addiction. substance addicted individuals have many resources available to begin their road to recovery.
- Explains that the healthy people 2020 has multiple objectives for the vulnerable population that suffer from substance abuse, such as reducing use of substances, improving health, avoid illness, maintain safety, and enhance quality of life.
1550 wordsRead More - Cognitive Dysfunction Relating to Schizophreniaexplanatory essayCognitive Dysfunction Relating to Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is often a chronic relapsing psychotic disorder that disrupts normal thought, speech, and behavior. It is a cluster of severe prolonged mental disturbances that “...is by far the most chronic and disabling of the major mental disorders. This disease may be one disorder, or it may be many disorders, with different causes” (Andreasen & Schutlz, 1999). It is a disease that makes it difficult for a person to tell the difference between real and unreal experiences.
In this essay, the author
- States that schizophrenia is a chronic relapsing psychotic disorder that disrupts normal thought, speech, and behavior.
- Explains that 1% of the population has schizophrenia. it is characterized by a constellation of distinctive and predictable symptoms, including thought disorder, delusions, and hallucinations.
- Opines that trivial actions are as well outside the normal range of experience.
- Explains that the combination of these distinct symptoms contributes to the alienation from family members, friends, and society. people with schizophrenia become increasingly isolated and withdrawn as they lose touch with reality in certain important ways.
- Explains that in speech, the patient will answer questions with as few words as possible.
- Explains that a stimulus-driven person can produce an action in response to an appropriate stimulus.
- Explains that negative symptoms include the lack of initiative and inability to relate to others that often results in the person withdrawing from society. the last major symptom of schizophrenia is bizarre behavior.
- Opines that schizophrenia is caused by a complex combination of gene and environmental factors.
- Explains that mental disorders result from abnormalities of brain chemistry. hallucinogens such as lsd and amphetamine and mescaline were found to produce schizophrenia-like symptoms in healthy patients.
- Explains how andreasen, paradiso, & o’leary (1998) explain the cognitive dysfunction of the brain in schizophrenics in three phases.
- Explains that the system coordinates the processing, prioritization, and expression of information in schizophrenics.
- Explains that the thalamus is divided into relay and diffuse projections nuclei, which modulate sensory and motor input. the cerebellum is phylogenetically interesting and performs massive parallel processing.
- Concludes that schizophrenia is a disturbing brain dysfunction that puts the patient and their family members in different worlds. it is important to understand the symptoms and causes of schizophrenia.
- Explains that delusions are common among individuals with schizophrenia. they are false beliefs that appear obviously untrue to other people. hallucinations can be heard, seen, or felt.
- Explains that the content of the subvocal speech corresponds with what the patient reports the voice to be.
- Explains that cognitive dysmetria is an integrative theory of schizophrenia, citing arango, bartko, gold, and buchanan.
- Explains the frontal lobe psychopathology of mania, depression, confabulation, catatonic, preservation, obsessive compulsions, and schizophrenia.
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In this essay, the author
- Explains the dsm-iv classification system, which focuses on describing symptoms and the statistics of each illness and whom it affects.
- Analyzes how magenta c.'s case study exemplifies how dsm-iv categories can be used to make diagnoses. ptsd is an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia
- Explains that ptsd affects many sexual assault victims, survivors of accidents, and veterans who have come back from the war front. there are genes that play a role in stimulating these intense and fearful memories.
- Explains that a dsm-iv diagnosis can have implications for the therapy used to treat the disorder.
- Opines that cognitive therapy could help with magenta's guilt and regret for surviving the accident. it may take weeks or months for her thought process to change.
1418 wordsRead More - Depression: Clinical Psychology Nightmareexplanatory essayClinical psychologists try to understand, prevent, and treat mental illness. Depression is considered the “common cold” of mental illness because many suffer from it at some point. “Over the course of a lifetime, 12% of Canadians and 17% of Americans experience depression” (Rolfe-Maloney 2). However, depression is longer lasting and more detrimental to an individual than a common cold. Depression has seemed elusive to successful treatment and puzzling to clinical psychologists. Louise Malan, a practicing clinical psychologist, defines depression as severe and constant emotional distress that interrupts the patient’s life (5). Depression is an emotional and chemical imbalance that creates specific symptoms. Depression is a complex mental illness for clinical psychologists to diagnose and to successfully treat.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that depression is a complex mental illness for clinical psychologists to diagnose and treat.
- Explains that depressed patients must express at least one or both of the following symptoms to be diagnosed. lethargy, agitation, fatigue, excessive or inappropriate guilt, or reoccurring thoughts of death or suicide are common symptoms.
- Explains that clinical psychologists often have a difficult time diagnosing patients who are depressed because depression is an extremely versatile disorder.
- Explains that depression can be treated with psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy or a combination of both. psychologists must build trusting relationships with patients to help them express their thoughts and feelings.
- Explains that an imbalance between norepinephrine and serotonin, both neurotransmitters, can cause depression. pharmacotherapy is the use of medication to suppress or otherwise treat a mental illness.
- Explains that depression is reoccurring and treatment resistant. treatment resistant depression (trd) refers to the lack of response shown after antidepressant therapy.
- Explains that depression is an extremely complex mental disorder that poses an array of challenges for clinical psychologists. psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy are options in treating depression.
- Cites fava, maurizio, and gotlib, ian h., "diagnosis and definition of treatment resistant depression".
- Explains that stanford university's psychology blog focuses on depression.
- Cites marsh, diane t., "serious emotional disturbance in children and adolescents: opportunitiesand challenges for psychologists."
735 wordsRead More - Schizophrenia: The Impact on Familiesanalytical essayFamilies with a member suffering from any illness may be stressful enough but families with members diagnosed with schizophrenia are often faced with additional challenges such as the “external stressors of social stigma, isolation, and emotional frustration”. Many times, family conflicts arise as members attempt to provide care on an everyday basis (Chien, 2010, pg. xi). “A Beautiful Mind” is a brilliant motion picture directed by Ron Howard that chronicles the life of one John Nash, a prominent mathematician and the challenges he endures throughout his adult life afflicted with a chronic mental illness. “A Beautiful Mind” allows us to gain insight into the stressors that many families undergo when faced with living with a person with schizophrenia. This paper will explore the impact of schizophrenia on the lives of the Nash family as depicted in the aforementioned movie. Exploring the impact of the disease on the Nash family’s life will be followed with a discussion regarding an assessment conducted of the family, through the use of the Calgary Family Assessment model. Conducting the assessment allowed us to determine two nursing priorities, and nursing interventions in relation to them through the use of the Calgary intervention model. Essentially it becomes evident that the challenges faced by the Nash family are in the functional domain. The families inability to effectively communicate and problem solve becomes evident, which is negatively impacting the families ability to function effectively. Our nursing interventions guided by the Calgary Nursing Intervention Model will focus on providing the Nash family with the support needed to bring about change in the affective domain in foster effective communication with the famil...
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes the impact of schizophrenia on the nash family through the use of the calgary family assessment model.
- Analyzes how chien suggests that having a family member with schizophrenia, and additionally the burden of being the primary caregiver can be significant. the strain upon the relationship between john and his wife becomes evident as his disease progresses.
- Analyzes how the scene accurately depicts the overwhelmed, and angry disposition family members may experience as they attempt to come to terms with the chronicity of schizophrenia.
- Explains that nurses utilize the calgary family assessment model (cfam) as a tool to guide their assessment of family and external & internal relationships.
- Explains that high-expressed emotions can trigger relapse of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, which occurs within the nash family, as john stops taking his medications to overcome his intimacy issues.
- States that family dynamics, and emotional functioning within a family have significant impact on the course of schizophrenia as an illness, which mandates family intervention.
- Explains that their intervention aims to foster a new hope in john, assuring him that he can bring about instrumental change, thereby decreasing the care-giving burden for alicia.
- Explains that the nash family in "the beautiful mind" is one where a family member has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. assessing the family's functional aspect allowed them to identify expressive and instrumental concerns within family functioning.
- Explains addington, piskulic, and marshall, c. psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia. current directions in psychological science, 19(4), 260-263.
- Explains chien, w., stress of family members in caring for a relative with schizophrenia.
- Explains that grazer, b., & howard, r. (2001). a beautiful mind.
- Cites mattila, leino, paavilainen, and stedt-kurki for their systematic review of nursing intervention studies on patients and families.
- Cites wright, l. m., and leahey. nurses and families: a guide to family assessment and intervention.
1775 wordsRead More