This essay analyses the article Changing Labour Markets and Early Career Outcomes: Labour Market Entry in Europe over the Past Decade written by Markus Gangl. In much of the Western Europe countries, youth unemployment rose in the 1980s and remained high in the 1990s. Many young workers waited long time before they found jobs and “remained living with their parents longer and longer” (Blancheflower, 2000: 4). The youth unemployment and market entrants transition problems from school to work have become phenomena. According to these social processes, Gangl’s research is conducted to develop framework for understanding these transitions from school to work in different European countries and to use this framework to analyse the factors affecting success and failure in education and training outcomes and labour market integration.
The main objective of this study is to explain differences amongst individuals with various level of education and differences amongst countries’ systems and find out and describe how these differences affect the young people’s transitions from full-time education into the labour market. Gangl identifies main trends such as long-term trend of educational expansion, the changing occupational structure and changing size of youth cohort and how these trends are affected by economic context conditions and might have a different impact among the leaver groups and thus affecting the nature of social stratification (seeing as unemployment risk and occupational allocation) in the short or medium term. As is typical for quantitative research, author’s theoretical discussion, based on classic market labour theory, deductively leads to the following hypothetical effects for each of the four trends; H1: Increasing une...
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...ex of the occupation of the head of the household in which respondent lived until his 18 (Duncan, 1961 in Porter, 1976:25). Nevertheless the study is highly professional it would be more coherent if the structural variables have been related to the socio-psychological variables as well.
Regarding to Blancheflower (2000:4), the youth proportion of the workeforce declined sizably therefore declining youth cohort size should lead to lower unemployment rates for youth and higher relative earnings for youth but the economic position of youths worsened rather than improved. If the change of youth cohort size has no effects on youth unemployment, it is more useful, if Gangl has considered other measurable variables with more significant effects such as technological changes or increased trade with less developed countries with huge number of young, less skilled workers.
Members of working class place a lower value on education, they place less emphasis on formal education as a means to personal achievement, and they see less value in continuing school beyond the minimum leaving age. They place a lower value on achieving higher occupational status, when evaluating jobs they place emphasis on stability, security and immediate economic benefits and tend to reject the risks and investments involved in aiming for high status occupations. Job horizons tend therefore to be limited to a good trade. Manual and non-manual jobs account for differences in outlook and attitude, middle-class occupations provide an opportunity for continuous advancement in income and status but this is not the case for manual workers. They reach full earning capacity relatively quickly and are provided fewer opportunities for promotion. This would therefore affect the attitude of parents and this attitude and outlook on life would be passed on to the next generation. Pupils from working class origins would be socialized in certain situations, e.g. fatalism, immediate gratification, present time orientation and collectivism.
Shierholz, Heidi. "Teenage Jobs and Minimum Wage." Economic Policy Institute. N.p., 25 Nov. 2009. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. .
It is currently increasing in incidence at an alarming rate. Unemployment among young people is increasing predominantly as a result of youth receiving inadequate preparation for the job market and a largely ignored discrimination against youth in the job market. In order to minimize levels of youth unemployment, the education system and current workforce practices need to be analyzed and modified. The education system should be modified so that its degrees and more in line with jobs that are actually available and offer more job experience opportunities. The workforce practices should be modified so that discrimination against youth is minimized as much as possible. This can be achieved through invoking a higher rate of jobs awarded through meritocracy and reducing the amount of informal hiring. It is only after the integration of many of these concepts that youth unemployment levels will decrease. This will be a step towards a world with less inequality and unemployment, a step towards a better
Berggren, Caroline. "The Influence of Higher Education Institutions on Labor Market Outcomes." European Education 42.1 (2010): 61-75. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 9 Mar. 2011.
Students’ wouldn’t be able to hold down a job is the second reason they shouldn’t dropout of high school. Many employers would like to have someone who has been too high school and that have been educated so they can handle money and add things p...
In the past decades, globalization along with the rapid advancement of technology produced a strong demand for highly educated and skilled labour force worldwide. In response to the changes in labour market environment the number of young Canadians who choose to attend college or university is constantly rising. Between 2000 and 2013, the post-secondary participation rate among working age population in Canada jumped from 42.8% to 53.9%, according to Statistics Canada Survey ( Statistics Canada, CANSIM table 282-0004, 2013
In today’s society having just a high school diploma is not enough. Its value is rapidly diminishing, and employers are looking for college graduates to fill jobs that were traditionally held by those with a high school diploma. Justin Wolfers, a public policy and economics professor at the University of Michigan, stated, “High-skilled people can take the jobs of middle-skilled people, and middle-skilled people can take jobs of low-skilled people, and low-skilled people are out of luck” (Rampell para. 7). With the declinin...
Work placements are run on a voluntary basis and travel and childcare costs are covered. These policies, along with others, have been put in place by the Youth Contract which was drawn up by the House of Commons. In theory it will ensure youth have access to all available resources to help them gain employment or a place in education (Mizra-Davies, 2103). Works Cited http://www.skope.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/WP108.pdf used this on the 27/11/13 http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/youth-diverging-paths-adulthood viewed 22/11/13 "Understanding Youth: Perspectives, Identities & Practices: Perspectives, Identities and Practices (Published in association with The Open University)"(Paperback)by Mary Jane Kehily page 3 sage publications, London
For teenagers typically the best employment is during the summer months due to the fact that they are out of school and thus have an increased amount of leisure time and many places require an extra source labor in order to accommodate for the rush which typically occurs during the summer months (Hall, 2013). In the year 1999 just above fifty-two percent of teenagers from the age of sixteen to the age of nineteen were employed for a summer job, however; the current employment rate for the same age group was around 32.25 percent in the past June and July an extremely low number especially considering that this was the peak teenage employment season (Hall, 2013). This has been compared to the great depression by some due to the fact that the numbers are somewhat similar to those seen during the great depression, in fact An...
Job hopping has become a normal part of career life for professionals belonging to generation Y. Tulgan (2016), has predicted that organizations with more of young employees will face a “retention challenge”, where the young employee who is being invested by the employer for his or her development will achieve higher levels of ‘negotiating power’ in the labour market. This makes the young employee more valuable, and will be able to use his ‘negotiating power’ to serve another employer for
Ianelli, C. & Paterson, L. (2005) Does Education Promote Social Mobility Paper 5, Edinburgh: Centre for educational sociology, University of Edinburgh.
The rate of unemployment for the 18 – 31 age groups nearly doubles that of the next age group comprised of their senior cohort. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 63% of the stated young adult age groups were not employed in 2012, with this being the highest percentage in forty years (2012). Most parents have a very strong influence on the course of the career their children choose to follow. Finding employment that will support a household with established debt from college and other growing expenses has proven to be a real challenge.... ...
The stages of the family life-cycle schema of family development is based on the information drawn from Barnhill and Longo (1978), Becvar and Becvar (1999), Carter and McGoldrick (1980), and of Duvall (1962). It tells us of the stages in the family life cycle and the developmental issues related to each stage. It consists of the following nine stages: Stage 1) Unattached adult; Stage 2) Newly married adults; Stage 3) Childbearing adults; Stage 4) Pre-school age child; Stage 5) School-age child; Stage 6) Teenage child; Stage 7) Launching centre; Stage 8) Middle-aged adults; Stage 9) Retired adults. It is important to note that between each stage there is a transitional period where each family member is required to change. Each member in each life-cycle stage has certain developmental tasks to fulfill for a healthy family structure to
Youth unemployment is a global problem facing both developed and developing economies. The United Nations define youth unemployment as individuals between the age of 15 and 24 years not employed and actively seeking employment. Statistics only consider youths who have attained the required age of employment who are willing and able to work but without jobs. Unemployment rates raise concerns in all economies. However, the rate and trends vary from one country to another irrespective of the country’s development status. For instance, in Cuba, Sierra Leone and Germany, youth unemployment rates were below 10% as per the year (Petersen & Mortimer, 2011). Sierra Leone is a developing country while Germany is a developed country yet their youth unemployment rates are comparable. On the other hand, youth unemployment rates in South Africa, Armenia and Spain were above 50% as per the year 2010 (Petersen & Mortimer, 2011). In most countries, youth unemployment rate is more than double as compared to an unemployment rate in people above the age of 24 years. Canada is not an exemption as the youth unemployment rate is raising major concerns. In the recent years, issues of youth unemployment have dominated political debates and social forums. More and more youths are leaving institutions of higher learning to end up being jobless. A considerable proportion of the youths are doing jobs that are below their level of educations. Organizations are raising standards in jobs where jobs previously performed by high school leavers are being given to diploma and degree holders. Since 1966, general unemployment rate has averaged at 7.75%. As per April this year, the unemployment rate among the youths was 14.5%, w...
Over the last several years, Ireland has experienced a dramatic change in employment. A quick study of the latest CSO “Employment and Unemployment” survey shows where jobs have been lost and gained, by sector of employment. Some sectors have seen job losses in the hundreds of thousands while other sectors have been slowly growing. The period from April 2007 to April 2013, there has been a loss of 266,000 jobs (CSO, 2013). The study suggests that the loss of jobs was greatest in the Construction and Industry sectors. While gains occurred in the Education, Information and Communications, and Human Health and Social Work sectors. These changes show that the tasks associated with low, skill and education are on the decline. The jobs that need a higher education level are on the rise (National Skills Bulletin, 2013, 28). Due to this trend, subsidies in the Education sector should be increased to train and better equip the workforce. It would be of a great benefit to the entire economy, as an increase in education may attract more business to Ireland. It would also make the workforce more adaptable to change, giving people stability in their lives.