This experiment is based on being able to properly isolate/purify trimyristin from nutmeg and synthesize myristic acid from trimyristin. Liquid-solid extraction and recrystallization are the techniques used to isolate/purify the trimyristin from nutmeg. Base hydrolysis is the technique used to synthesize the myristic acid from trimyristin. Isolating trimyristin from nutmeg is considered natural product chemistry. Natural product chemistry involves isolating organic compounds from living things, such as plants (Weldegirma 2016). Usually, natural product chemistry is complicated, intensive, and tedious. However, the isolation of trimyristin is not very difficult because a large portion of nutmeg is made up of trimyristin. Trimyristin is a unique triglyceride, as all three of its fatty acid groups are identical. …show more content…
The trimyristin is isolated from the nutmeg through liquid-solid extraction. Liquid-solid extraction involves making the nutmeg go from its solid phase, to its liquid phase. Diethyl ether was the solvent which was used to turn the nutmeg into its liquid state, which is trimyristin. Once in the liquid phase, it is filtered through a pipette stuffed with cotton, sand, and anhydrous sodium sulfate. Only the trimyristin is able to pass through the pipette, which lets it be isolated and collected. Once the trimyristin has been isolated, recrystallization is then utilized to purify the crude trimyristin (Weldegirma 2016). After the trimyristin has been properly purified, hydrolysis is used to synthesize myristic acid. Esters can undergo acid-base hydrolysis, which involves a nucleophile interacting with a present carbonyl group. Acid-base hydrolysis can be used on esters to make it so that the leaving group can be removed and the desired group
The goal of this two week lab was to examine the stereochemistry of the oxidation-reduction interconversion of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol and 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone. The purpose of first week was to explore the oxidation of an alcohol to a ketone and see how the reduction of the ketone will affect the stereoselectivity. The purpose of first week is to oxidize the alcohol, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol, to ketone just so that it can be reduced back into the alcohol to see how OH will react. The purpose of second week was to reduce 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol from first week and determine the effect of the product's diastereoselectivity by performing reduction procedures using sodium borohydride The chemicals for this lab are sodium hypochlorite, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone
barbier reaction: In a 50 mL round bottom flask that had a reflux condenser attachment, saturated ammonium chloride (5 mL), THF (1 mL), zinc powder (0.4 g), benzaldehyde (0.500 mL, 0.5225 g, 4.92 mmol), and allyl bromide (0.470 mL, 0.6533 g, 5.40 mmol) were charged with stir bar and stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. Diethyl ether (10 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred. The mixture was gravity filtered into a beaker that was topped with a watchglass. The filtrate was transferred to a separatory funnel and the organic layer was extracted with deionized water (10 mL) and diethyl ether (15 mL). The organic layer was placed into an Erlenmeyer flask and the aqueous layer was placed into a beaker, which was extracted with
The objective of this experiment was to perform extraction. This is a separation and purification technique, based on different solubility of compounds in immiscible solvent mixtures. Extraction is conducted by shaking the solution with the solvent, until two layers are formed. One layer can then be separated from the other. If the separation does not happen in one try, multiple attempts may be needed.
Based on the stoichiometry of the reaction, one mole of trimyristin yields three moles of sodium myristates, therefore three moles of myristic acids are produced. In this experiment, 0.062 grams of trimyristin produced 0.05 grams of myristic acid. The percent yield is 84.75%. The 100% theoretical yield should be 0.059 grams of myristic
I would suggest to students performing the nitration to make sure their benzoic acid product is very fine and broken up before reacting it, as it has a tendency to clump together when it dries and thus proves very difficult to react in solution. I would also suggest keeping a very close eye on the temperature when adding the sulfuric/nitric acid mixture dropwise, as the reaction has a tendency to spike in temperature
In this lab 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone is reduced by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) to produce the cis and trans isomers of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol. Since the starting material is a ketone, NaBH4 is strong enough to perform a reduction and lithium aluminum hydride is not needed. NaBH4 can attack the carbonyl group at an equatorial (cis) or axial (trans) position, making this reaction stereoselective. After the ketone is reduced by the metal-hydride, hydrochloric acid adds a proton to the negatively charged oxygen to make a hydroxyl group. The trans isomer is more abundant than the cis based on the results found in the experiment and the fact that the trans isomer is more stable; due to having the largest functional groups in equatorial positions.
Almost everybody is familiar with the fruity scents at their local grocery store. Many of these scents are esters. Most of the aromas we know represent a mixture of esters and other molecules like alcohol. The process of making ester is known as esterification. Esters are formed carboxylic acid and a carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol, water is also produced from this reaction. Carboxylic acid contains the –COOH group (Jim Clark, 2003)
The crude extract obtained by solvent extraction was subjected to various qualitative tests to detect the presence of common chemical constituents as:
In this lab, it was determined how the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is affected by physical factors such as enzyme concentration, temperature, and substrate concentration affect. The question of what factors influence enzyme activity can be answered by the results of peroxidase activity and its relation to temperature and whether or not hydroxylamine causes a reaction change with enzyme activity. An enzyme is a protein produced by a living organism that serves as a biological catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction and does so by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. With that energy reactants are brought together so that products can be formed.
The first group of chemical compounds to be discussed are terpenes. Terpenes are a very comprehensive group of metabolites which are known to contain essential oils that produces well-known scents in herbs belonging to the Lamiaceae plant family (Scott 2008). These scented compounds are usually found in the trichomes of basil, rosemary, lavender, etc. (Scott 2008). Electron micrograph images of these trichomes can be seen below. According to Keeling & Boltmann (2006), there are about 30 000 known types of terpenes which originated from structures created from terpene synthases. These terpene synthases can be broken up into three groups, monoterpene synthases, sesquiterpene synthases, and diterpene synthases (Keeling &...
Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to isolate eugenol or clove oil from cloves using steam distillation and determine whether it is an efficient way to carry out this experiment. Also, TLC and 1H NMR were preformed to analyze the purity of the isolated eugenol.
Starting this experiment, we knew that the extraction was going to form varies layers due to the density differences. When placing three different substances, we saw that two layers formed because the Clove Oil is soluble in MTBE, but not in water. In order, to get the organic layer we used separatory funnel to take out the excess substances and leave the oil layer. Then we transferred to a beaker and dried with Magnesium Sulfate. Lastly, we filtered the liquid using funnel; we placed the liquid to boil, let it cool to room temperature. The purpose of drying and evaporation is to help us with the Gas Chromatography analysis of the product.
Falak Mdahi Chem 203.2 The Synthesis of Acetanilide from Acetic Anhydride and Aniline Introduction Recrystallization is a technique used to purify solids that contain small amounts of impurities. It is used to isolate pure solids from a supersaturated solution, leaving the impurities in the solvent (1). The solid containing the impurities is placed in a hot solvent and upon cooling the compound precipitates to its purified form while the impurities are left behind in the solvent (1). There are six steps when it comes to undergoing a recrystallization of a solid.
The basis of the discipline focused on understanding of the chemistry of food components such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats and water and reaction during processing than storage. Good understanding about processing and preservation method are needed which includes drying, pasteurization, canning and irradiation (Susan, 2012).
Analysis of Moringa pods, fresh (raw) leaves and dried leaf powder has shown them to contain the following per 100 grams of edible portion.