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Recommended: Main stages of child and babies development
Unit 1 Part 1
This chapter contains information about the following topics:
• Transitions and significant events,
• Stranger fear and separation anxiety
• Settling a child into the setting
• Theories of development and learning, including attachment theory
Transitions and significant Events.
Most children will experience a transition or significant event in the first five years of their lives. These can be broadly categorised into
planned transitions such as moving house, having a new brother or sister, starting at nursery
unplanned transitions such as sudden illness or death in the family, divorce of parents, being an asylum seeker etc.
Planned transitions
Planned transitions can be prepared for, and managed. If the child already attends
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This is experienced by most (though not all) children from the age of about 6 months. By this age most children will have established a strong bond with their main carer, will recognise their main carer(s) and so will be distressed if they are taken from this person. Before the age of 6 months, the child may not recognise a change of carer, and so will be happy to be with any adult. This anxiety peaks at about 12 months and may continue until the child is 5 or 6 years old, though many children will cope with this separation by the age of 18month’s.
Separation anxiety can be reduced, first and foremost, by understanding the research work on how children can make significant attachments with a range of adults, and that as long as one of these key adults is present, the child will not be distressed. This work was started by John Bowlby, then further developed by a number of theorists after him. You will read more about Bowlby’s work in the next section.
This will be implemented in an early years setting through having a key worker system, which is now a legal requirement under the Statutory Framework of the Early Years Foundation
From birth to about six months old, an infant doesnÂ’t seem to mind staying with an unfamiliar person (Brazelton, 1992), although the infant is able to distinguish his mother from other people (Slater, et al, 1998). As the infant gets a little older, at about eight to ten months, he/she begins to cry when his caregiver is not his mother or father; and again between eighteen and twenty-four months, when the infant finds out he/she has some control over what happens (Schuster, 1980). Separation anxiety could, and often does, make parents feel guilty for leaving their child and might make them wonder if they are causing their child undue stress.
Tickell acknowledges that the curriculum does identify the connection between parents and practitioners, however views that there could be more partnership to overcome those who are at a disadvantage. A suggestion that practitioners should give to parents and carers a short summary outlining the children communication, language, personal, social, emotional, and physical development between 24-38 months, and when appropriate, shared with health visitors if seen as necessary.
This ensures that children are treated as a whole and making sure that each individual child’s needs are met. This is generally implemented by providing 1-1 for children with extra needs.
Separation anxiety is said to have a childhood onset earlier than the median age of any specific phobia. Are children with separation anxiety bound to adult anxiety disorders? Studies are making the connection between childhood separation anxiety and increased risk of subsequent disorders in adulthood. There is an estimated 33% to 40% chance that a child diagnosed with Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) will develop another psychiatric disorder between ages nineteen and thirty. Continued studies will help clinicians gain understanding and develop preventative treatment for children with SAD into adulthood (Lewinsohn, Holm-Denoma, & Joiner, 2008).
From eight to ten every Sunday morning for a month, I spent my time observing a classroom at my church that housed the one to two year olds. In the classroom I was in there were kids that had just had their first birthdays and some kids that were about to turn two. The difference between the kids who were just able to squeeze into the class from the ones that were on the verge of being able to go the "big kid" class was tremendous the majority of the time. While observing this group of toddlers I was able to see the differences in attachment, language, temperament, gender, and
Scher, A., Hershkovitz, R., & Harel, J. (1998). Maternal separation anxiety in infancy: Precursors and outcomes. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 29(2), 103-111. doi:10.1023/A:1025031931770
This stage is set to begin around eighteen months and goes to around two years of age or above. In these years of a child’s life they are developing language and learning how to more effectively communicate with the world around them. This involves the learning of new concepts, which allows the child to better comprehend the ability of parents to come and go. The learned concept causes separation anxiety to lessen, although a child may still try tactics to get the parents to stay a little longer. A sense of security develops within the child that reassures them that their mother is not there, but will come back and is always there for him emotionally. This security was called an internal working model by Bowlby. Attachment
months – 2years). The infant’s attachment to their caregiver becomes evident. They start to display separation anxiety when the caregiver leaves the room. If the baby has not yet developed the concept of Piagetian object permanence they usual do not become anxious when the parent leaves. This means that the babies realized that objects or people still exist but they are no longer in sight. The final phase is the formation of reciprocal relationship (from 2years and on). This phase shows the rapid growth of representation and language, and by 2 years the toddler is able to understand some of the factors that influence parents coming and going. Therefore separation anxiety starts to decrease. The child can start negotiating with their caregiver,
The coming of age stage of a child is one of the most important step
Students who experience separation anxiety disorder have intense anxiety and feelings about being away from home. This usually affects their ability to function socially in and out of school. These students may have a great desire to stay at home or be close to their parents and will worry excessively about not being able to be with their parents (Centreforemotionalhealth.com.au, 2015). About four per cent of primary school aged children experience excessive separation anxiety when separated from the parent or primary care giver (Psych4schools.com.au, 2015).
Childhood is the most important part of a person’s life, for children are both fragile and growing rapidly. A child’s parents or guardians must recognize this importance. The same goes for a child’s caregiver or a preschool instructor. Not only changes occur in their physical appearance such as growth, weight and body changes, but correspondingly, the mental health of the child (such as whether the child believes he or she is loved and cared for, and whether his or her needs are being met). Changes also occur in the child’s cognitive development, including them being able to strategies through their conflicts, and understand developing language. Which means the development of their brain function. Adults must be aware that every child is growing
The transitions can affect all areas of a child’s the development. An emotional transition could be a death of a family member or pet. A physical transition may be moving to a new area or country. An intellectual transition could be moving from preschool to primary school. A Physiological transition may be changes in growth.
The significant moment that happened this week gave me insight on my instruction. These moments or reflections of giving instruction strikes me as significant because over the course of student teaching I felt like I couldn’t deliver a set of instructions that just flowed well. Meaning I explain what I expected and then took questions after that were relevant to what I was teaching. In this significant moment I found myself answering random questions mid-way through my instruction that were not relevant to the topic and ended up setting the class off task or distracting other students rather than aiding to what I expected the students to do. It was until this week where I realized like everything you have to plan and organize tightly when
Hospitalization of baby J resulted to her emotional upset. Seminal work by (Prugh et al 1953) reveals how children react negatively to the stress of hospitalization with separation anxiety, loss of control and fears .It is evident that hospitalization of children between ages of six months to four years are at greater risk of separation anxiety. Thou at this age of two years theirs increasing cognitive abilities and concepts of time help, classical work by Robertson (1958), who expanded on the work of John Bowlby, described that children progress by protesting in which they searched for the unseen parent, despair and afterwards deny the parent that was evident by baby J.
A stable and comforting environment should start when a child is born. When an adult is uncomfortable in a situation they usually remove themself from it, but a helpless child does not have the same choice, especially when they are young. According to Dr. Linda Nielsen (2013) “Infants and toddlers have one primary “attachment figure” to whom they bond more strongly and at an earlier age than they do with their other parent. Given this, they should not be separated from their primary parent for long periods of time- especially not to spend overnight time with their father, except on rare occasions for short periods of time.” Babies are extremely sensitive to change. They thrive on schedules. An infant or toddler being tossed around from house to house will make them very temperamental. They don’t have a voice to express their opinions and a bad experience like this could create trauma in the young child’s life. This trauma could make the child associate the parent with stress and anxiety, causing the child to subliminally resent their primary parent for putting them in a situation where they a...