In this literature review we will take a look at tourism and its global reach, examining its impact on the world’s economy as well as the Caribbean region and Jamaica. This literature review serves to explore the magnitude of information surrounding tourism. With the aid of the Comparative Advantage Theory, articles and statistical information we will explore the ever growing tourism industry.
Overview of Tourism Industry
With over 1.1 billion people taking an international trip every year, tourism has become one of the world’s largest industries and continues to be an unstoppable force and a key player in the global economy. Just last year the number of tourists travelling internationally grew by 4.4%, reaching a new milestone of 1,135
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2,080,181 of these passengers arrived by air while 1,423,797 arrived by sea; an increase of 12.5% over the previous year (Jamaica Tourist Board, 2015). With such high levels of cruise ship arrivals and estimates for its continued increase, it is imperative that the Government of Jamaica (GOJ) develop all its port facilities and not base all its focus on solely one facility in order to best facilitate a thriving market.
Simm, C. (n.d.). Positive and negative effects of tourism . USA Today .
In an article titled Positive & Negative Effects of Tourism, author Carole Simm looks at the positive effects of tourism economically, socially and environmentally.
From an economic standpoint Simm reiterated what is already well known information about tourism in the fact that it provides employment and business opportunities for individuals and to a larger extent, contributes to the economic situation of a
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(2015, January 5). Murky waters: The hidden environmental impacts of your cruise. The Guardian .
Bruce Watson (2015) discussed the impact of cruise shipping on the environment. In his article Watson stressed the negative effects of cruise ships on the environment, as oppose to the positive impact it has on a country’s economy as discussed earlier.
Watson stated that cruise ships collectively consumes millions of tons of fuel and produces almost a billion tons of sewage. He argues that if insufficiently treated, these can pollute the environment, potentially causing a host of devastating environmental and health effects that undermine the very natural beauty of the environment that cruise ships rely on. Watson also made mention of the Friends of the Earth’s (FEO) annual report card on which cruise lines are graded based on their efforts to lower pollution on the environment. He argues that the basic guidelines for the dumping of waste is insufficient, as by law ships can dump treated waste anywhere in the ocean.
Ocean Pollution is a serious issue in today's global politics. The delicate balance of Earth's ecosystem is put in jeopardy when the ocean is not clean. Problem evolving from ocean pollution directly harm marine life and indirectly affect human health and the Earth's many valuable resources. Ocean Pollution is a Broad term that encpompasses any and all foregin matter that directly or indirectly makes its way into the ocean. This includes everything from the extreme: oil spills, Toxic Waste dumping and industrial dumping-- to the small scael: human activities and basic carelessness. Because the oceans and all other water bodies are invariably, somehow connected, and because they account for 3/4 of the Earth's surface, they are an ideal method of transportation for pollution, allowing the rapid spread of seemingly far away toxins into a river near you! It is increasingly important that we educate ourselves as to what, exactly, ocean pollution is, so that we can identify the causes at their source and take action in small and large ways, and hopefully, prevent this terrible form of pollution from getting any worse than it is today.
Pattullo report gives a first-hand account as to who controls each segment of the tourism industry; the tour operations, the large hotel chains, and the airline companies. The Caribbean’s economy depends on an industry that is mostly foreign-owned and controlled and the people who live there do not have an opportunity of owning or investing in it. In Pattullo’s report, it reveals that the large travel industry corporations are the ones who have most of the control. But those corporations are not located there. Her report exposes that the true benefiters of tourism in the Caribbean are foreign-owned investors and corporations.
Carnival Cruise Lines was the most popular and most profitable cruise line in the world. In regards of threat of new entrants, it is very difficult to enter in the cruise industry. The competition ne...
... The cruise ship pollution campaign has been strengthened by the cooperation among organizations that the Bluewater Network petition facilitated. Heightened public awareness, engendered by NGO campaigns, has pressured the U.S. government and the cruise ship industry to respond. If policy changes, such as those presented in the Clean Cruise Ships Act of 2004, occur, the activities of Conservation International may allow the cruise ship industry to comply with environmental regulations while maintaining high profits. The confluence of each NGO’s actions may provide the means necessary for a strong domestic ocean regime. In the absence of international cooperation, a strong American ocean policy is an important step in safeguarding the world’s oceans. Various strategies have allowed NGOs to highlight cruise ship pollution as an issue that can not longer be ignored.
At one point in the last year there were three ships in Tauranga’s harbour, the were the Voyager of the Seas which held 3000 people, the Seven Seas Mariner with 700 people on board and Seaborne Odyssey with 462. These three ships were investigated by the international network Friends of the Earth, they found out that all three failed the environmental assessment set by them. Royal Caribbean international had A 's for sewage and water quality, but F for air pollution. The same goes for The Seaborne Odyssey but Regent Seven Seas Cruises is the worst with a C+ for sewage, A for water Quality and again F for air pollution. The F means that they failed to co-operate with Friends of the Earth processes. Having all three cruises in Tauranga running for a day or two would have had bad impacts in Tauranga’s clean air, the average cruise ship realises more sulphur dioxide than 13 million cars. To fix this problem, Friends of the Earth are influencing people to choose their cruise after looking at the environmental effects right now Carnival cruises has the best environmental rating. To limit air pollution at New Zealand ports, more cruises opt to use off shore power while
One of the negative impacts from cruising in the impact on the environment within New Zealand. Taking a cruise is more harmful to the environment and to humans than
The Hospitality and Tourism sector is characterized as the fastest growing sector in Jamaica. Many tourists from all over the world travel each year because of the country’s beaches, culture, climate and landscape. Despite the contribution of other sectors the Hospitality and Tourism is still the giant industry that contributes largely to Jamaica market share. In this paper, we will call the Hotel that I am employed ‘Hotel A’ for privacy reasons. Hotel A was formed in 1981and has developed to be one of the largest all-inclusive resorts in the country, tackling all factors that impact on its overall success. Some of these factors are political, economic, social, technological environmental and legal factors called the PESTEL framework. “A
population lives within 50 miles of the coast shows, without a doubt, the economy is going to revolve around the ocean. During the hot summer days, countless Americans have had the same thought, “Let’s go to the beach!” So numerous amounts of people swarm to the beach to cool off. Even though tourism and recreation is a fraction of the regional economy, it is still the largest sector of the ocean economy. Meaning, the benefits that region receives are specific and go directly to that region. each region must depend on its own advertising and landscapes to produce enough money to sustain itself. The Ocean Health Index, creates scores on the capacity of oceans to produce resources, stated that there are massive amounts of money being poured into ocean tourism each year. They published an article that states the
Executive Summary The number one industry in The Bahamas is tourism; this industry is a never ending evolving, vital and dynamic industry, with approximately 1.5 million stopover visitors and 3.5 million cruise visitors per year. The tourism industry is by the far the leading and most vital economy for The Bahamas. In 2003, almost 70 percent of vacationers to Nassau/Paradise Island, Grand Bahama Island and the Family Islands said their decision was based on the warm climate and the beauty and accessibility of our beaches first and foremost, followed by the diversity of hotel facilities. In 2003, almost 50% of vacationers to The Bahamas booked an air and hotel inclusive package with best vacation value cited as being of increasing importance
Barbados previously dabbled in the mass-tourism industry, but currently primarily offers a more up-market and luxury product. The success of tourism was traditionally measured in percentage annual increase of arrivals, however this type of measurement ignores important variables such as length of stay or visitor expenditure and seasonal variations. This fa...
Firstly, tourism has positive and negative impact on the economy of the local community. It can create jobs and mitigate the numbers of unemployment. For example: one
Research from the University of California San Diego Scripps Institution of Oceanography said that species in the ocean consume a projected 12,000 to 24,000 tons of plastic every year in the Pacific Ocean (Nall, 2014). Pollution of recyclable materials in the oceans is one of the leading causes of why some marine species are nearing extinction. Many authors of articles and books analyzing this topic tend to agree that pollution of our oceans is a problem. The future of this problem is where their ideas tend to differ. The following four literature reviews attempt to demonstrate and support my belief that pollution is getting worse in the ocean and more marine life ecosystems are being affected, but there are things that we as humans can do to change this. Imagine a world where we didn’t have to constantly worry about the vicious cycle of humans affecting animals and then animals in turn affecting us through consumption.
New Zealand tourism is largely reliant on 'Eco-tourism' so to maintain the tourism industry it is imperative that our environment is conserved. However tourism itself can have negative effects on the environment. The tourism sector must act responsibly in its use of the environment and any use must be sustainable.
According to the ‘World Tourism Organization’ (UNWTO), the tourism industry is one of the fastest growing sectors in the world, as it is estimated that by the year 2020, 7.8 billion people (roughly a quarter of the world’s population) will embark on a foreign trip (Bennett & Gebhardt 15). The Caribbean is said to be the most economically dependent on this industry, as the ‘Caribbean Tourism Organisation’ states that the industry forms the “economic backbone of most countries in the Region”(“Caribbean Tourism Industry” 1), implications for what tourism’s affect on the region have arisen and have prompted further research into matter. Since the 1970’s research regarding tourism in the Caribbean has attempted to determine the social, cultural, environmental, and economic impacts of tourism. Much of the research has found that there are in fact many negative adverse affects, and Jackson’s article asserts that, “Governments often commit money and other resources to support the growth and development of tourism and often turn a blind eye to its negative impacts” (574). The reason why tourism looks attractive (and thus turn a blind eye) to these Caribbean countries is because of “its potential to foster GDP growth, to create employment, to increase foreign exchange earnings, and attract capital investment” (Daye, Chambers, and Roberts 2). This paper will overview such impacts by first discussing a case study conducted in Jamaican resort town, Ocho Rios, with Sheere Brooks discussing the observed social, cultural and economical consequences of Jamaica’s reliance on the tourism industry and will finally look at tourism in relation to capitalism, with Robert Fletcher suggesting in his article that the tourism industry (and more specifically...
One of the most essential things for tourism to be successful in a particular place is a quality of the environment both natural and man-made. However the tourism industry involves doing many activities that have a negative effect on the environment.