INTRODUCTION
Structured programming is one of the several different ways in which a programming language can be constructed. "It was originally introduced as a means of getting away from the 'spaghetti' code that was used in the early days and to provide some means by which programmers could more easily follow code written by other programmers." (Hendren, 1998) Structured programming is a procedure-oriented method of designing and coding a program.
At a low level, structured programs are composed of simple, hierarchical program flow structures. "These are regarded as single statements, and are the same time ways of combining simpler statements, which may be one of these structures, or primitive statements such as assignments or procedure calls." (Dijkstra, 1990) The three basic types of structure identified by Dijkstra were concatenation, selection, and repetition.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Simple sequential code is most easily expressed by concatenation i.e. listing the pieces of code in the correct order. The main related question is how to indicate the boundary between statements. "Some languages just use the end of line but then usually require an explicit continuation symbol for statements too long to fit on a single line. Others languages use an explicit character such as, with some of these treating it as a separator and the rest treating it as the statement terminator." (Birrell, 1995)
To turn a code sequence into a single entity, usually known as a compound statement, some languages use an explicit pair of brackets, such as {} or begin end, as a general form useable with any structure. Some languages have specific forms for each structure, such as if fi (or if end if) and while od (or while end while). Some languages have both general and specific forms, and others have neither. Because structures often end up deeply nested, specific keywords can be much easier to pair up than general pairs.
"The classic selector is the conditional or if statement/expression, and almost all languages have it, usually in two slightly different forms such as if then and if then else." (Agresti, 2000) Some languages place restrictions on the then and else parts, but most modern languages have no such restrictions, allowing nested if statements.
One common pattern of use is:
If ... then...
Else if ... then...
Else if .
This section outlines and describes the various elements of the program logic model (see Figure 2). Our logic model is an important evaluative tool as it helps to explain the ideas behind the development of the DCD guidelines and the reasons why DCD programs will lead to positive outcomes in deceased organ donation.
Answer: Program structure has to do with the program philosophy, policy, evaluation, the strategic plans, and human resources development. It’s includes all the practices that enable transition that focus on education and services to be delivered successfully.
There so many differences between code meshing and code switching. As Vershawn Ashanti Young theorized the topic between the two. Code switching means the practice of moving back and forth between two languages or between two dialects of the same language Code meshing is a strategy for blending many varieties of language with privileged standard language.
To avoid confusions, different programming languages use different operator such as, the assignment operator “: =” is used in
Code switching is, according to Oxford Dictionaries, “the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.” To
Code-switching is ability to switch from one language to another in the same sentence or utterance. (Bhatia and Ritchie 2004: 284) . This process in concerned with bilingual or multilingual people. In case of Chicano English, code-switching consists of English and Spanish. Many bilinguals Latinos switch from English to Spanish and from Spanish to English very often. Code-switching can concern more than two languages.
...ter may use several words that can be grouped together into one word. An example of this would be :
In society, people are bilingual or more of a variety of different languages so that they can use the language of choice in communication activities. As in known in Indonesia, people of different languages, which means using more than one language to communicate. This phenomenon is called code switching or code mixing. Code switching is a transitional phenomenon that one code into another code, depending on the circumstances and background of the speaker. Changes may include factors such as the relationship between the speaker and the listener, language variation, speaking destination, the topics discussed, the time and place to talk.
A sub program also known as subroutine is a set of instructions set by a coach or individual that is designed to perform a regularly used operation within a program.
Many different types of programming languages are used to write programs for computers. The languages are called "codes". Some of the languages include C++, Visual Basic, Java, XML, Perl, HTML, and COBOL. Each of the languages differs from each other, and each is used for specific program jobs. HTML and JAVA are languages used to build web pages for the Internet. Perl and XML can produce codes that block students from getting on certain inappropriate web pages on their school server. One of the most prominent programming languages of the day would have to be C++.
Object-orientated programming is methodology which is organized around objects and not actions. The perspective that this approach takes is that it is easier to compare objects. Object-orientated programming can be used in conjunction with UML, and within Object-orientated programming and there are various different methods. Object-orientated programming can be defined as constructing a model of a real world through combining data and actions.
Computer programming can as well be defined as a process that leads from an original formulation of a computer problem to execute problems. Computer programming is also referred to as programming. It encompasses other activities such as understanding, analysis and generally solving problems that result in algorithm, verifying the algorithm requirements and coding algorithm in a target program language. The program also involves the implementation of the build system and managing derived artifacts like computer programs machine codes. Most often, the algorithm is represented in human-parseable languages such as Java, Python, Smalltalk among others.
The field of Computer Science is based primarily on computer programing. Programming is the writing of computer programs using letters and numbers to make "code". The average computer programer will write at least a million lines of code in his or her lifetime. But even more important than writting code, a good programer must be able to solve problems and think logicaly.
Syntax is the study of how words are combined to create phrases and causes in the sentences of a specific language (Freeman and Freeman, 2014). Syntax helps us to make clear sentences that “sound right,” where words, phrases, and clauses each serve their function and are correctly ordered to form and communicate a complete sentence with meaning. The rules of syntax combine words into phrases and phrases into sentences. Not only does it focus on the correct word order for a language, but it also helps show the relationship between the meaning of a group of words. Without proper syntax, a sentence can be meaningless. It is key to understand that while every language does have certain syntax, the syntax does vary from language to language. It
Pascal programming language was designed in 1968, and published in 1970. It is a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. Pascal was developed by Niklaus Wirth. The language was named in honor of the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal. In 1641, Pascal created the first arithmetical machine. Some say it was the first computer. Wirth improved the instrument eight years later. In 1650, Pascal left geometry and physics, and started his focus towards religious studies. A generation of students used Pascal as an introduction language in undergraduate courses. Types of Pascal have also frequently been used for everything from research projects to PC games. Niklaus Wirth reports that a first attempt to merge it in Fortran in 1969 was unsuccessful because of Fortran's lack of complex data structures. The second attempt was developed in the Pascal language itself and was operational by mid-1970. A generation of students used Pascal as an introductory language in undergraduate courses. Pascal, in its original form, is a Procedural language and includes the traditional like control structures with reserved words such as IF, THEN, ELSE, WHILE, FOR, and so on. However, Pascal has many data structuring and other ideas which were not included in the original, like type definitions, records, pointers, enumerations, and sets. The earliest computers were programmed in machine code. This type of programming is time consuming and error prone, as well as very difficult to change and understand. Programming is a time-consuming a process. More advanced languages were developed to resolve this problem. High level languages include a set of instruction...