The expansion of free trades, as known as globalization, promotes global awareness and stimulates the economic growth. However, the increase in economic liberalism, which promotes the notion to focus on economic profit and to pursue short-term gains, brings negative impacts on the environment (Hansen, 2010). Multinational corporations, as a production of economic liberal ideas, result in over-exploitation and potential pollution because companies tend to outsource to the countries with weak environmental protections (Hansen, 2010). Consequently, the principal environmental cost of globalization is habitat loss and degradation, which further leads to the accelerated extinction of wild species and the collapse of biodiversity. Thus, terrestrial protected areas and international agreements are necessary to preserve habitat and halt biodiversity loss.
The collapse of biodiversity would be one of the most serious issues that result from globalization. As remarked by Scholte(as cited in Hansen, 2010), the extinction rate has been exponentially increasing since 1995. According to Leakey & Lewin(as cited in Hansen, 2010), it is believed that unregulated trades and encouraged consumption have negative impacts on the loss of biodiversity and dramatically increased extinction rates. Moreover, biodiversity is fundamental to economic growth and approximate 40% of trades are based on biological products (Gabriel, 2007). In addition, it would be extremely costly to reduce extinction rates or halt biodiversity loss if the ecosystem has declined to an unsustainable level (Shah, A, 2014). Therefore, it is urgent to preserve biodiversity from both economic and environmental perspectives. Since habitat loss is considered as one of the most signific...
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...sity 'fundamental' to economics. Retrieved from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6432217.stm
Hansen, L. (2010). Linking Globalization and Extinction Rates: A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of Globalization on Biodiversity. Hinckley Journal of Politics, 11.
Naughton-Treves, L., Holland, M. B., & Brandon, K. (2005). The role of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and sustaining local livelihoods. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 30, 219-252.
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010), Global Biodiversity Outlook 3. Montréal, 94 pages.
Shah, A. (2014). Loss of Biodiversity and Extinctions. Global Issues. Retrieved from: http://www.globalissues.org/article/171/loss-of-biodiversity-and-extinctions
Stolton, S., & Leverington, F. (2006). Evaluating Effectiveness: A framework for assessing management effectiveness of protected areas. IUCN
The rapid spread of globalization has increased economic and social benefits for the United States in the diversification of products for trade, yet Pinchbeck points out its dangers. (Claim). Pinchbeck illustrates the negative impact of globalization with multiple references that include the Amazonian rainforest’s “systematic destruction” and the disappearance of “vast treasures of botanical knowledge and linguistic and spiritual traditions” (148, 163). (Evidence) Abundant research readily discusses the devastating impacts of globalization. (Warrant). Deforestation of the Amazonian rainforest has serious implications beyond the local disruption of the natural food chain network as it contributes to soil erosion, species extinction, air pollution, and climate change (Wright, LaRocca & DeJongh; Hahn et al.; Medvigy et al.). Globalization accelerates the loss of languages al...
Soule, Michael E et al. “Ecological Effectiveness: Conservation Goals for Interactive Species.” Conservation Biology 17.5 (2003) : 1238-1250.
One view on preserving biodiversity argues that it is imperative solely because species have intrinsic value. In his “What is Conservation Biology?” Soulé argues that the primary aim of conservation is the protection and continuity of entire communities and ecosystems, with an emphasis on protecting biodiversity because species have intrinsic or inherent value (Soulé 728). While it is valid that species should be conserved because they have value in themselves, it is not enough, nor is it the only aim of conservation. Soulé elaborates, however, that it is also important to improve biodiversity by modifying the rate at which biodiversity is changed because small changes in the present can yield large-scale results in the long run (733). This
Landscape fragmentation contributes to loss of migratory corridors, loss of connectivity and natural communities, which all lead to a loss of biodiversity for a region. Conservation of biodiversity must include all levels of diversity: genetic, species, community, and landscape (CNHP 1995). Each complex level is dependent upon and linked to the other levels. In addition, humans are linked to all levels of this hierarchy. A healthy natural and human environment go hand in hand (CNHP 1995). An important step in conservation planning, in order to guarantee both a healthy natural environment as well as a healthy human environment, is recognizing the most endangered elements.
Long-term survival of a species depends on its ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions (Murphy, 1994). Genetic diversity within a species, which has taken 3.5 billion years to evolve, makes adaptations to these changing environments possible. Unfortunately, the rate of extinction of genetically diverse organisms is rapidly increasing, thus reducing this needed biodiversity, largely due to the human impacts of development and expansion. What was an average of one extinction per year before is now one extinction per hour and extinct species numbers are expected to reach approximately one million by the year 2000 (WWW site, Bio 65). As a result governmental and societal action must be taken immediately!
Works Cited Bates, D. (1957, December 17). Letter from Roy Wilkins. Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America. Beals, M. P. (1994). The Species of the World.
...hrow off the balance of the ecosystem. Different marine biodiversity requires different types of ways to conserve them, some need government and some do not. Depending on the different types of technology of public goods supplied, there are different ways to and different methods to preserve the marine biodiversity. We have looked at the different types of externalities that are associated with impure public goods (in this case marine biodiversity). We also looked at the three types of technology of public good supplies and see why it affects marine biodiversity. Lastly, we have discussed the incentives to conserve marine biodiversity, both private solutions and public solutions. To put it briefly, “wildlife exploitation and conservation involves various costs and benefits, which should all be taken into account to achieve an optimal outcome.” (Bulte, 1)
These four studies evaluated the use of marine protected areas (MPAs) as the primary tool for conservation efforts. Within Fox’s study, he identified four components that increase an MPA’s effectiveness, all of which focus on bringing together the goals of the governing bodies involved, as well those of the locals who rely on the marine systems in question for resources. The research presented by Edgar and his team presents similar findings as they identify five factors that have shown to increase the success of MPAs after they studied 87 different MPA locations. In addition to identifying the key factors that contribute to MPA success, they also identify some factors that lead to MPA failure. Halpern’s study focuses on the limitations of MPA networks and the broader scope issues that need to also be addressed in order for MPAs to be truly effective.
Various plant and animal species depend on each other for what each offers and these diverse species ensures natural sustainability for all life forms. A healthy and solid biodiversity can recover itself from a variety of disasters. It is estimated that the current species extinction rate is between 1,000 and 10,000 times higher than it would naturally be. Therefore, there is an urgent need, not only to manage and conserve the biotic wealth, but also restore the degraded ecosystems. c) Captivity breeding species can again be reintroduced into the wild.
The major concern is that the distribution of biodiversity wealth is uneven around the world. In the globe there are only 17 countries recognised as Mega diverse (rich in biodiversity or diversity among species) regions. India is one among the 17 Mega diverse countries. These 17 countries hold 70% of the total biodiversity resources (Jacobs, 2014). These countries are mostly either least developing countries (LDCs) or developing countries. The people in those countries develop economically, socially and culturally by the continuous and sustainable use of such resources for several hundreds of years. Still there are several communities which depend on the biological resource for their “physical and cultural survival” than economic values (Amiott, 2003). The unfair distribution of resources made the indust...
According to World WildLife Fund, many ecosystems around the world are being destroyed, eliminating many plant and animal species that inhabit them (“Pollution”).
Biodiversity loss can lead to extinction, and hurt human life. It is our responsibility to take care of the environment. We bring in machines that harm the environment and destroy animal life. We need to limit ourselves on how much land and resources we consume. There are major issues that are causing species to become extinct and hurt our way of life and other animals do to the change in food chain.
Nowadays it is common to read articles in newspapers and magazines regarding biodiversity issues. Human beings have been knowingly and unknowingly destroying biodiversity since their existence. Biodiversity is the measure of the variety of species of animals living in an area. Forests are usually areas with high biodiversity while deserts are the opposite. Human beings have always destroyed biodiversity either by deforestation, or by some other means. Biodiversity depletion is a natural phenomenon. But the present levels of biodiversity depletion are many times higher than the natural rate. Recently the levels of loss in biodiversity have started causing global concern. Some of the main causes for loss in biodiversity are alteration of habitats, increasing levels of pollution and human population growth.
dismantling the Earth’s ecosystems, eliminating genes, species and biological traits at an alarming rate. This observation led to the question of how such loss of biological diversity will alter the functioning of ecosystems and their ability to provide society with the goods and services needed to prosper. Till now estimated about 75% of genetic diversity of agricultural crops has been lost. Around 75% of the world’s fisheries are fully or over exploited. Up to 70% of the world’s known species risk extinction if the global temperatures rise by more than
(2) All the economically important organisms in protected areas should be identified and conserved as protected areas are an extremely important part of programs to conserve biodiversity and ecosystems, mainly for sensitive habitats. (3) Species in critical habitats should be identified and safeguarded. (4) Priority should be given at its outmost level to preserve ecosystems which appear to be unique. (5) There should be sustainable utilisation of natural resources. (6) International trade in wild life should be prohibited and highly regulated. (7) The poaching and hunting of wildlife should be prevented as far as practicable. For example in Assam on horned rhinos are facing extinction on account of poachers trading them at an international level for monetary gains. (8) Care should be taken for the development and improvement of reserves and protected areas. (9) Efforts should be made to reduce the level of pollutants in the environment which causes an adverse