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Essay on "ancient Greek democracy
Essay on "ancient Greek democracy
Differences and similarities between democracy today and in ancient Greece
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Frank Miller’s “300” is a powerful tale about the demise of the Spartan warriors. Throughout the graphic novel, the Spartan’s commit acts that are considered dishonourable. They take no prisoners on the battlefield and kill Xerxes’ messengers. Many people believe the warriors failed because their actions were selfish. Although it may seem harsh, killing messengers and having no mercy are strategies the Spartan’s use. Everything the Spartan’s do has a good reason behind it. They know what is right and choose to do it, making them great warriors. Their ability to unite and fight together is admirable. Despite their heartless methods, the Spartan’s are honourable because they fight for the collective and not the individual. P1: As the Spartan army marches, young Stelios stumbles out of line. For a punishment, Stelios receives a beating from the Captain. King Leonidas observes the torture and decides to stop it by knocking out the Captain. Leonidas hands the lifeless body to Stelios and says, “No food till journey’s end. For any of us” (7). Most readers agree that this demand is cruel. Even though Stelios was the only warrior to fall, everyone received the punishment. It is believed that the actions of one warrior should not …show more content…
In return, he asks Leonidas if he could be a Spartan warrior. Leonidas takes him aside and questions him about his fighting ability. The King asks Ephialtes to raise his shield above his head. Poor Ephialtes was only able to bring the shield to his shoulders. Leonidas replied, “We fight as a single, impenetrable unit. . .. A single weak spot – and the phalanx shatters” (38). The king denies Ephialtes his wish to be a Spartan warrior because of his deformity. He rejects a worthy warrior only because he cannot hold his shield above his head. Turning down Ephialtes can be perceived as a vicious act. Leonidas does not give the poor guy a chance to prove himself in
“No man ever proves himself a good man in war unless he can endure to face the blood and the slaughter, go against the enemy and fight with his hands.” The preceding was quoted from “The Spartan creed” by the poet Tyrtaeus. There are two authors in this primary resource reading which include Tyrtaeus as well as Xenophon, whom authored “The laws and customs of the Spartans”. These two works give great detail to the Spartan society. As history has presented it, Sparta was a smaller polis and yet was one of the most, if not most, influential societies in history. What we know of this culture comes to us from excavation of its heritage as well as literary works such as these. But are these “eyes” into history factual and creditable enough to base our own interpretations of such a masterful race? These writings are great resources for Spartan’s war enhanced values and societal customs, but lack in evidence of governmental affairs and religion. This lacking may have been due to both writer’s motives for their work.
The first year of fighting between Athens and Sparta is drawing to a close. As is customary during war, Athens holds a public funeral to both celebrate and mourn their fallen soldiers. Such ceremonies typically feature an oration given by a respected Athenian – with this year’s coming from renowned statesman Pericles. Previous orations had focused on celebrating the Athenian military by recounting their trials and accomplishments. Pericles decided to depart from this convention, believing it was no longer novel, nor necessary, “That part of our history which tells of the military achievements which gave us our several possessions, or of the ready valor with which either we or our fathers stemmed the tide of Hellenic or foreign aggression, is a theme too familiar to my hearers for me to dwell upon, and I shall therefore pass it by.”
As with most historical re-enactments, 300 places significant exaggeration on each civilizations central city-state ideologies and this is reflected in each scene by the actions of the individuals throughout Zack Snyder’s film. The representation of the Spartan warrior mentality through scenes depicting young Spartan children throughout their childhood participating in multiple life threatening challenges; are seemingly accurate as the primary purpose of Spartan schooling was to produce perfect soldiers, through strictly disciplined military training that began for all boys at the age of 7 as they left home to join the agoge. The agoge was set up in order to weaken family ties and create personal identity. These children were usually allotted no shoes, little clothing and educated through a vigorous training schedule of boxing, wrestling, javelin and discus throwing. They suffered through harsh conditions and were taught to take satisfaction in enduring pain and hardship, as well as to value strengt...
Hellenic culture in the Spartan community was that of a humble elite. True Spartan culture is well captured in Xenophon’s work, Spartan Society, as he wrote of how this elitist society viewed not only themselves, but the other countries around them. This work shines light into the three-part worldview of the ancient, Hellenic Spartans of: humanism, idealism, and rationalism. As Xenophon begins to write over the whole of the Spartan society it can be seen how the Spartans lived out the worldview of this Hellenistic society. This living out of the worldview recorded in Xenophon’s, Spartan Society, illustrates their worldview through the noting of Lycurgus’ accomplishments and the contrast of the “other.”
The battle of Thermopylae was the Greek’s first stand against the massive army of King Xerxes, and was the most influential battle of the entire war. Up to this point, the Persian army was seen as too massive and powerful to be stopped. The once warring city-states of Greece knew they couldn’t stand against the Persians alone, and knew in order to defend their homeland they would have to unite. A unity of command was agreed upon; King Leonidas of Sparta was chosen to lead the Greek forces. He was chosen to lead because of the unsurpassed warring abilities the Spartans were so well known for made him perfect for the objective of stopping the Persians.
Amongst the battlefield full of fallen Spartans and their allies, only one Greek was found that had any hope of surviving. Indeed, after extensive care provided by Persia's top surgeons, Xeones regained enough strength to speak and was asked to recount his "infantryman's tale" of the Spartan way of life and the events leading to and including the battle of Thermopylae.
“A New Historicist article… teases out the many contributing causes that brought about disparate social elements in that way” (Mays, 2352). The movie shows the build-up to the battle of 300 Spartan soldiers against the armies of Persia, albeit in artistic and stylized manner. It covers the tensions and political drama that led to the clashing of men, as well as showing the historical context in which it took place. “..New Historicism doubts the accessibility of the past, insisting that all we have is discourse” (Mays, 2351). 300 doesn’t concern itself with trying to trying to access the past, but puts on an artistic representation of what happened that can be discussed in a modern
Leonidas was respected in Sparta, it was not by his often effective but not morally decisions, it was to resolve an issue when he felt that somebody or something was trying to hurt Sparta. Leonidas was expected to put an end with some abnormal answer. The training, the form i...
Within the Spartan society, religion mirrored their values and ethics of a militaristic state, being physical strength and social cohesion. However, the absolute necessity to appease their gods and goddess through festivals and the religious roles of the kings reflects the society’s obligation to religion over everything. Funerary customs and rituals reflect that dying for the state was of uttermost importance correlating with the Spartans values and ethics ultimately giving prominence to religion being the fundamental aspect of
Miller illustrates the separation both visually and textually. Several times Leonidas refers to the other Spartans as “children.” Once in the beginning when he is telling the Spartans to be quite and go to sleep and another is when the Spartans start attacking the Persian Messengers, “The children frolic.” Leonidas in like a parent to the other Spartans. He is watching over them and guiding them. He is their parent, King and leader, thus he must stand above them and apart. A visual form of separation is that throughout the graphic novel Leonidas is in the foreground alone, while the other Spartans are in the background. Like at the beginning of chapter 2, when Leonidas is walking towards the audience while all the Spartans are sleeping behind him. Another way Miller illustrates separation is that Leonidas will be a silhouette; where as all the other characters are drawn with light shining on them. Such is the case when Leonidas is talking to his advisors before going to war. One key reason Leonidas is the only individual isolated from the Spartans is that the audience needs a hero to love. Frank Miller’s 300 was ultimately a piece of entertainment and without a likable main character no one would be interested in reading his story. Heroes are found throughout society, whether it is storybook characters, celebrities, or sports stars. Heroes inspire us because they show us the impossible. They are always struggling and overcoming everything, encouraging us to believe we will overcome whatever we face. Heroes are symbols for all the qualities we want to posses. The individuality of Leonidas is the antithesis of historical Spartan
Like most Greek states of the Archaic and Classical Era, the Spartan city-state was a militaristic one. Sparta, however, took the idea to its extreme. In order to become the best soldiers, Spartan citizens had to dedicate their entire lives to the occupation. In fact to be a soldier – a hoplite – was the full infrastructure of Spartan society. While most Greek city-states looked down on labor, physical work, and even working for profit, they still had to work for a living, produce something. “The Spartans a...
The main summary of the book is “Plutarch's vivid and engaging portraits of the Spartans and their customs are a major source of our knowledge about the rise and fall of this remarkable Greek city-state between the sixth and third centuries BC.” “Through his Lives of Sparta's leaders and his recording of memorable Spartan Sayings he depicts a people who lived frugally and mastered their emotions in all aspects of life, who also disposed of unhealthy babies in a deep chasm, introduced a gruelling regime of military training for boys, and treated their serfs brutally. Rich in anecdote and detail, Plutarch's writing brings to life the personalities and achievements of Sparta with unparalleled flair and humanity.” This is only a small summary of
Dienekes was one of the three hundred sent so Xeones went with him. Xeones explains the battle and how the Spartans fought until the last man was killed. Xeones tells of how he was meant to be the only survivor so that he could tell the story of the Spartans bravery. Because of the S...
The Battle of Thermopylae began in 480 BC and was a product of the Greeks attempt help defend the Ionians from the Persians. This irritated the Persian Emperor, Xerxes, because he thought of Greece as a small kingdom that had no place revolting against the Persian Empire. The Athenians sympathized with the Ionians because the Persians had also tried to invade Greece on multiple occasions. The Athenians provided feeble help to the Ionians and in retaliation the Persians struck at athens (23B). Xerxes was known to be irrational with his temper, and may have thought of his invasion as retaliation for the fact that his father, Darius the Great, was defeated at the Battle of Marathon against the Greeks. His temper was so great that at Hellas Point he had the water whipped because it would not obey him (E49). One of several Greek war leaders in the Battle of Thermopylae was Leonidas, the second born son of King Anaxandridas. It was not until his half brother was killed under controversial circumstances that Leonidas rose to power (G72). Apart from misconceptions spread by the popular film “300,” the three hundred Spartans did not go into battle alone, and were accompanied by over eight hundred allies. Nevertheless, the Persians still outnumbered the Greeks ten to one, which is why it is incredible that the Greeks were able to hold them for three days before eventually losing that specific battle. Despite losing the battle in terms of soldiers and defending greece, the battle of thermopylae was somewhat successful in that it was a demonstration of the courage of greek soldiers, impressive battle tactics,
...rated the superiority of the Greek long spear and armor over the weapons of the Persians, as well as the superior tactics of Miltiades and the military training of the Greek hoplites. The choice of weapons, training of warriors, selection of battle site, and timing had all worked together to help the Athenians prove that size doesn’t always matter.