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Behavioral personality essay
Behavioral personality essay
What is behavioral theory of personality
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Introduction
The Behavioural Approach System (BAS) is one of the three major systems in the neuropsychological theory of personality known as the reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) which recognizes other two defensive systems; the Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS), responsible for the active avoidance of, and escape, from, aversive stimuli; and the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS), responsible for passive avoidance and the detection and resolution of goal-conflict. It is assumed that the BAS represents a general-domain approach mechanism designed to solve the important evolutionary adaptive problem of attaining critical resources, such as food, water, sex and social status (Berridge, 2004; Berridge & Robinson, 2003; Kenrick & Shiota,
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We included two RST questionnaires in the study, since there exists a lack of conceptual agreement as to how the BAS scale should be conceptualized and measured. While some authors regard BAS scales to be similar to measures of extraversion, because they are assumed to reflect the reward system (Depue & Collins, 1999; Nettle, 2005; Pickering & Gray, 1999; Smillie, Pickering, & Jackson, 2006), others propose that it they should be more aligned with impulsivity (Torrubia et al., 2001). Furthermore, while some authors propose that the BAS is a unidimensional construct (Jackson, 2009; Reuter, Cooper, Smillie, Markett, & Montag, 2015: Smederevac, Mitrović, Čolović, & Nikolašević, 2014; Torrubia et al, 2001) others have made a persuasive argument for it being multidimensional (Carver & White, 1994; Corr, 2013; Corr & Cooper, 2015; Kenrick & Shiota, 2008). Hence, selective choice of one questionnaire may lead to different theoretical
Theory has been defined as, “an organized set of assumptions, beliefs, or ideas about particular phenomena in the world (Teater, 2015).” Theory is used to understand and explain possible and perceived instances, behaviors and outcomes (Teater, 2015). Social workers use theory in order to understand, as well as, introduce interventions and solutions to their client’s individual situation. It is important for students entering into the social work profession to have a base knowledge of theories, with basic understanding of their similarities and differences to appropriately apply theory in practice. The theories which will be focused on in this paper include Systems Theory and Cognitive Behavioral Theory.
One system is called the behavioral inhibition system, which is related to “withdrawal and avoidance behaviors shaped through evolution to help people keep out of harm’s way” (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). An aspect of the behavioral inhibition system is negative affectivity, or “the extent to which a person experiences nervousness, fear, anger, sadness, contempt, and guilt” (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). The other system that Broderick and Blewitt discuss is the behavioral facilitation system. The behavioral facilitation system allows “people to respond to reinforcement and to approach and engage with the environment” (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). A prominent fact in the behavioral facilitation system is positive affectivity, which is “the extent to which a person experiences enthusiasm, alertness, joy, confidence, and determination” (Broderick & Blewitt,
The BIS, Behavioral Inhibition/Behavioral Approach System Care, the Impulsive Sensation Seeking Subscale, and the Stroop Color Word Interference Task were administered, except for the BART. Self-report measures were carried out by the BIS while the behavioral measures were obtained by completing the BART assessment. Scores were changed into z scores for each of the measurements. A principal components analysis known as PC was conducted. The parallel analysis was conducted with fifteen variables. Also, a regression analysis was done to predict the group assignment with PCA components as predictors.
Neurophysiology is the study of the brains behavior. Personality affects how a person will behave in certain situations. Human’s attitudes are determined by their environments, personal preferences and dislikes all reflex their everyday actions. Personality is 50%-70% hereditary and that home environment has little impact on child development. Motivated behavior; extraverts demonstrate an increased sensitivity to reward signals. There are three criterions necessary to establish the neurobiological basis of such a personality: a) define the network of neural structures associated with the trait, b) explain how individual differences occur within the functioning of that network and c) identify the sources of individual differences. Neurobiology investigates these questions with a reductionism approach, examining chemical release at synapses and correlating such activity with behavior. Personality research has a long history in the field of psychology. Only in the last forty years, however, have scientists begun to look for biological explanations. Is it possible that eventually neurobiology will be able to explain personality on the same level as motor responses or our sense of hearing? Still, the chemical basis of personality gives us great insight into how and why we behave as we do. It can help explain why different people react differently to similar situations. Perhaps most importantly, it offers the potential to alter such behavior, from treating mild cases of anxiety to severe personality disorders.
Defense mechanism are a critical part of ego psychology. Used as a way to make reality a little less frightening, defense mechanism can be moderately adaptive, or damaging (Day, 2008). In order to...
Aversion therapy is a type of operant conditioning, where the client learns to associate a punishment with a bad habit. Every time the behaviour is repeated, the therapist adds a bad stimulus, such as electric shock, for example. A bond between the habit and the bad response is formed, and eventually the client begins to stop doing that habit, due to aversion of the bad
These include complexity of representations (COM), expectations of others (AFF), ability for intimacy and emotional sharing (EIR), use of abstract thought for morality and compassion (EIM), social causality (SC), control of aggressive impulses (AGG), coherence of self-esteem, self-concept, and self-identity (SE), and level of self-fragmentation and integration (ICS). A factor analysis of the scales identified three factors (Stein, 2012): 1. Relational tone (linked with scales AFF, EIR, EIM, and AGG); 2. Self-affective states associated with relationships and important others (linked with scales SE and ICS); and 3. Cognitive and intellectual functioning (linked with scales COM and SC) (citation). The SCORS-G has strong internal consistency (Stein, 2012). Additionally, as evidence of good construct validity, the SCORS-G factor 1 had strong and positive correlations with the NEO Five-Factor Inventory Short Form, the Personality Assessment Inventory; factor 2 with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; and factor three with the WASI, suggesting a strong relationship with intellectual and cognitive abilities (Stein, 2012). The SCORS will be used to code TAT
Chapter nine is mainly about behaviorism. Behaviorism is the theoretical perspective in which learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus- response relationship. There are two things that could be observed and objectively measured, these two things are environmental stimulus and learner’s behaviors or response. Stimulus is a specific object or event that influences an individual’s learning or behavior. A response is a specific behavior that an individual exhibits. Behaviorist believe that people are born with a blank slate with no inherited tendency to behave on way or another. Over the years the environment slowly molds or conditions the slate so that it is no longer blank. Conditioning is the commonly used term by behaviorist for learning that typically involves specific environmental events leading to the acquisition of specific responses (Ellis, 2013, pg.265).
As I read chapter 6, I found the section on internalizing behaviors to be interesting. As educators, we often assume that students with emotional or behavior disorders are aggressive without knowing and understanding the facts concerning the student. Internalizing behaviors is results of a lack of social interaction with others. The students lack the necessary social skills to interact with children their own age to make friends. They are often withdrawn and fearful. Also, I found the section concerning teachers establishing and sustaining strong teacher-student relationships interesting. This section was interesting to me because I believe it is essential for teachers to be educated and trained to understand the triggers of children with emotional
Comparing the Behavioral Perspective and the Cognitive Perspective The behavioral perspective is the idea that if psychology was to be a science, then it must focus on events, which are directly observable on behavior, rather than on mental life. The behavioral perspective maintains the primary emphasis on observable behavior and its relation to environmental events. Behavioral perspective is through reinforcement, which is the idea that patterns of emitted behavior can be selected by their consequences. Cognitive perspective is centered on the description of the nature and development of the representation of knowledge. It comes from three points of view, which are the theory of information processing, the inability of behaviorism to provide a comprehensive account for all aspects of human behavior, and the invention of the computer.
The concept of domain-general approach and avoidance temperaments is just recently introduced by Elliot and Thrash (2002). These two temperaments represent broad neurobiological sensitivities to positive and negative stimuli. Moreover, they are posited to be similar with Gray’s BAS and BIS. Thus, BAS and BIS are regarded as core components of the two temperaments (Elliot & Thrash, 2002). In addition, it is suggested that they are direct importation of RST.
Modifying any behavior is not an elementary task. For the majority of human beings, making a change to benefit your health requires patience and effort daily to achieve results. In fact, research shows that it takes an average of “3 to 5 times before most people will attempt to change an unhealthy behavior before succeeding” (Donatelle 2013). At the beginning of the course when I was considering the various behaviors to alter I considered two behaviors that affected my health the greatest. Unlike Americans that struggle with poor eating habits (poor nutrition), excessive alcohol consumption, and tobacco use, the behaviors that I struggled with was exercise and sleep patterns.
Overall, Behaviorism is an important topic in today’s society. Although the main focus was in the 20th century, Behaviorism is still talked about today by many psychologists. Three important figures like Watson, Pavlov and Skinner were only a few that came up with their own experiments in order to prove that behaviorism all depends on observable behavior. Hence, Behaviorism is known to be behaviors that are acquired through conditioning in the
most of human behaviors are adapted to attain a favorable reaction from their target. It
Organizational behavior is merely the study of individuals, structures and groups’ impacts on human behavior, within a progressing organization. As an organizational being, I learned that organizational behavior is an interdisciplinary field which includes psychology, sociology, management and communication. During the lesson, it remained clear that organizational behavior supplements organizational theory, which concentrates on intra-organizational topics and supplements studies related to human resource. It is through the study of organizational behavior that I gained different multiple perspectives and insights about how organizations behave. In addition, I learned that computer simulation is one of the prominent concepts in strategic management and organizational studies. The Book clearly revealed that scholars utilize computer simulation in the process of understanding how firms and organizations operate and behave (Kinicki & Fugate, 2012).