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Categorical imperative formulations
Difference between ethics and morality
Immanuel kant ethics principles
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“If the maxim passes all three tests, it is moral, but if it fails any one of the three then it is immoral” (DeGeorge 67). Even though I do not feel that the practice passes the universal test, I will continue by looking at the last two aspects of the categorical imperative. To have good will according to Kant’s belief, one must perform the duty for the sake of the duty with no other reasons in mind. In this case, drug companies claim they are providing medical information and treatment knowledge to inform the public, but their main reason for advertising is to sell their product to increase profits. “It would be disingenuous to claim that TV ads achieved these returns without exerting any influence on prescribing patterns” (Lo). The second
Direct-to-consumer (DTC) marketing of pharmaceuticals has grown increasingly in the past decade. The American public views prescription drug advertising for a wide range of medical conditions, including high cholesterol, depression, allergies, and erectile dysfunction. The Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the content of these advertisements. Critics also have taken the position that the advertisements garner unearned trust from the public, are misleading, and promote unnecessary use of prescription drugs for common problems associated with aging. Proponents counter that DTC ads help eliminate stigmas associated with certain medical conditions, give patients an active role in their health care management, and encourages the doctor/patient relationship. There have been calls for bans on DTC pharmaceutical advertising, but the practice is protected under a business’s right to free speech. Regulation changes, particularly requiring the FDA to pre-approve marketing campaigns before they are released to the public, may be one way to appease opponents, while protecting the rights of pharmaceutical manufacturers to advertise to the average American consumer.
DTC advertisements aim to persuade that their possibly less effective drugs work better than other drugs rather than to inform consumers of correct information about drugs. The reason that pharmaceutical companies abuse the power of DTC advertising is because the pharmaceutical industry does not have a strong ethical code for advertising; their sales are so obsessed with profits. To solve this problem, policy makers should prohibit indiscreet DTC advertisements on air and fund more informative services about new drugs so that patients could make clever
Direct-to-consumer prescription drug ads are dangerous and can have serious effects on the health of the general public. In the article “Pros & Cons Arguments: ‘Should prescription drugs be advertised directly to consumers?’”, the pros and cons of the advertising of prescription drugs are compared. The negative aspects of these ads outweigh that of the positives. DTC prescription drug ads misinform patients, promote over-usage, and pressure medical providers. The counter side argues that these ads inform patients, create a positive impact on patient compliance with medication, and cause patients to confront their doctors.
In Melody Peterson’s “Our Daily Meds” , the history of marketing and advertising in the pharmaceutical industry is explored. The first chapter of the book, entitled “Creating disease”, focuses on how major pharmaceutical companies successfully create new ailments that members of the public believe exist. According to Peterson, the success that these drug manufacturers have experienced can be attributed to the malleability of disease, the use of influencial people to promote new drugs and the efficient usage of media outlets.
I have chosen to review an article from the Journal of Health Communication. The Journal of Health Communication reports studies both of qualitative and quantitative values for the scholarly and professional individual. It is designed to give concise and ethical reviews of academic research (Scott C. Ratzan). Furthermore, the Journal of Health Communication focuses on promoting the vital life of the individual and the good health of the world’s people with presentation of research for the purpose of better health (Scott C. Ratzan). I choose to review an article which focused on the increased volume of prescription drug advertising directed to consumer, as it has grown tremendously over the past few decades. It has been reported, drug advertisements have experienced a significant increase in the amount of money spent on advertising from $47 million dollars in 1990 to nearly $2.5 billion in 2000 (Frank, Berndt, Donohue, Epstein, & Rosenthal, 2002; M...
Immanuel Kant was a famous German philosopher (1724-1804). His many philosophical writings influenced large population from all over the world. Even today, his works still form a major point of reference in research carried out in the modern world. His writings had a strong base such that they brought a new dimension in religion, law and history. Although all his writings were popular but Metaphysics of Morals was very influencing. Kant argued that our desires and emotions are categorically imperative, which means that they are conscience driven. His philosophy is closely related to the golden rule. It which states that an individual should always act in accordance to the outcome that will give him/her the best outcome, while Kant’s categorical imperative rule argues that actions must be universal for them to be classified as either moral or immoral. Through Kant’s categorical imperative we can distinguish between our
This paper will analyze an ATT commercial according to audience, purpose, context, ethics, and stance. The focus will emphasize the audience which the aid is trying to reach and how they do so.
In contrast to utilitarianism, deontology uses an action and the intent behind the action to determine the morality of the action rather than the outcomes of the actions. Deontology argues that reason forms the basis of right and wrong. Therefore, using reason, Kant asserts that there are two types of obligations. These two types of obligations are hypothetical imperatives and categorical imperatives. Hypothetical imperatives essentially give instructions based on a person’s individual preference and vary for each situation, Categorical imperatives, unlike hypothetical imperatives, give commands/instructions that are to be applied regardless of personal preferences. One major categorical imperative states that an action is permissible if both
Kant's Categorical Imperative Deontology is the ethical view that some actions are morally forbidden or permitted, regardless of consequences. One of the most influential deontological philosophers in history is Immanuel Kant, who developed the idea of the Categorical Imperative. Kant believed that the only thing of intrinsic moral worth is good will. Kant says in his work Morality and Rationality “ The good will is not good because of what it affects or accomplishes or because of it’s adequacy to achieve some proposed end; it is good only because of it’s willingness, i.e., it is good of itself”.
“Morality is not the doctrine of how we may make ourselves happy, but how we may make ourselves worthy of happiness”. Two things that are not compatible are what an individual should do and what the individual wants to do. When an individual does what they want to do they end up in a road that will lead them into immediate happiness but will not benefit them in the long run. On the other hand when the individual is doing what they should do it will bring them a feeling of discomfort and unhappiness but will benefit them at the end.
The Categorical Imperative is a philosophical idea that has some important main ideas. The first one is that one must act as if the maxim that you are following is a universal law (if everyone else did it), secondly one must never treat a person as a way to achieve your goal. The idea of the Categorical Imperative was conceived by German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who lived from 1724 to 1804 (Rolff). Kant, famous for his other writings in metaphysics, aesthetics, and epistemology, was no amateur in the philosophical world of time, also contributing ideas to political science. In this paper, I will summarize the portion of the article in Reason and Responsibility by Joel Feinberg and Russ Shafer-Landau that carries Kant’s most important work
Kant speaks of the categorical imperative as being “conceived as good in itself and consequently as being necessarily the principle of a will which of itself conforms to reason” (567). In other words, the categorical imperative does not have some kind of hidden agenda for the person carrying out the action. The person expects nothing that could assist them in any fashion to come from the transaction. Basically, the reason for performing the action in no way depends upon its outcome. However, the categorical imperative as a whole is a broad concept which can be broken down into smaller segments. There are two major differing forms of the categorical imperative, the universal law and the humanity principle. Universal law states that one should
Coca Cola’s advertisers’ whole purpose in advertising is to create a type of confidence between the customer and the advertisement, creating a sort of friendship and feeling of trust. The point of doing so is to convince and persuade the customer into buying Coca Cola, which is a great marketing tactic. But, our society and advertisers do not comply to a universally agreed-upon set of ethics. Creating a bond, for the sole purpose of creating a false friendship in order to persuade and receive what they want could be considered as something morally wrong. “Ethics are the moral principles governing or influencing one’s conduct and is the branch of knowledge concerned with moral principles.” (Theory of Knowledge ) This statement and definition would apply to Coca Cola advertisements who plays with immoral reasoning, since creating a sense of friendship with a customer would be considered immoral as Coca Cola’s sole purpose is to sell. In other words, in nurturing a sense of friendship and bond through its advertising posters, such as in figures a ,b ,c , 4 and 5 Coca Cola is
This is one of those question's where two people will come up with different answers to a question and believe they are right. One group of people would say that it is wrong to glorify tobacco and alcohol by advertising on television. They would state the health concerns and a concern for the viewer. Since some people are either a minor, or there are people that struggle with addiction. Would it be humane to flash pictures of a drink to an alcoholic? How about showing a hungry person food? But not giving the food to them in the end, these things plants the thought and need for the item. While the other group would say they have the right to advertise their product. The could say that an alcoholic should be stronger in the battle or to remove themselves from the situation of temptation.
Imperatives are commands; they tell human beings what to do. Kant differentiated these two types of imperatives: categorical and hypothetical. A categorical imperative is an absolute and universal moral obligation; it tells us what to do regardless of our desires. On the other hand, hypothetical imperatives are neither universal nor absolute; instead they take the uncertain approach of "If you want to achieve this, you must perform this." Unlike categorical imperatives, they are dependent on our desires.