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Cultural dimension in france
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Decolonization has been a significant yet constant process that has been apparent throughout history. When most people think of decolonization, they may be picturing all the people in a colonized country banning together and working hard to try and gain independence from a bully-like colonizing country. However; it goes much deeper than that. The process of decolonization has a much darker and deeper effect than most people would like to think. Therefore, they try to study this subject, so they can examine how decolonization is not all what it seems. How this process can affect both the colonizer and the colonized greatly in that moment and even well into the future. The Algerian war is used as an example for many scholars and historians examining …show more content…
The Algerian Revolution served as a symbol for the rest of the world the brutal process of decolonization, and the effects that it has on both the colonizer and the colonized. This revolution opened the entire world to the disaster and destruction that decolonization causes. The Algerian War caused a great deal of rethinking of the French identity and its history. After the war ended preceding the signing of the Evian Accords, French had to take a step back to look at their identity and how they fit into the rest of the world’s society. James Sueur explores this concept in depth in Decolonising French Universalism: Reconsidering the Impact of the Algerian War on French Intellectuals. The war was a major blow for the French identity because it “forced an ‘honest coming to terms’ with the fact that French culture was not universal” …show more content…
In Jo McCormack’s Social Memories in(Post) Colonial France: Remembering the Franco-Algerian War, he discusses how the Algerians do not discuss the Algerian Revolution. He continues to examine how the Algerian War was referred to as “the war without a name”. French authorities at the time depended on such descriptors as “pacification” or “peace-keeping” (McCormack 1132). They used these terms because they did not want to acknowledge that a devastating tragedy had happened in Algeria. The French did not want to come to terms with the war, and even rarely taught it in schools. The wounds of the war are still fresh in a lot of people’s minds, and many are not ready to come to terms with the war, including the consequences of it. After the war, even today, schools rarely address the Algerian War and the effects it had on France, Algeria, and the entire
In Todd Shepard’s work Voices of Decolonization, the featured documents provide keen insight into the geopolitical environment of the era of decolonization (1945-1965) and the external and internal pressures on the relationships between colonial nations and the territories that they held dominion over (Shepard 10). Decolonization is the result of a combination of national self-determination and the establishment of functional international institutions composed of independent sovereign nations united towards common goals. As decolonization progressed, it intersected with points of significant sociopolitical tension between colonies and the nations that colonized them. Some of these moments of tension came in the form of progressive ideals held by international agencies which colonial nations were allied with, the revolt of colonized populations against their standing government in favor of independence, and in moral and political conflicts that arose when decolonization takes a form unexpected or undesired by the primary agents of progressive international institutions.
The French occupation is a confrontation between exported modernity and an old regime: the French revolutionaries and their dominance over the Ottoman social order that is markedly different in contrast; and, al-Jabarti reports on how it transfers cross-culturally. Levels of contestation, open and/or secretive acceptances give way to losses and gains driven by high emotion – even for this writer. He “describes very carefully every step in the negotiation of the organization of society, from administration to inheritance, from property to charity or from justice to deliberation.”
Algerian education was started by the French, since they were allowed to study in France. Education advanced Algerian jobs, markets, trade, and life in general. This boosted the life of Algerians; although, there were negatives, like: famine, disease, poverty. Even though the education boosted trade, and jobs, and market the people who were receiving that money were the French. Algerians did not receive that money, so they became poor, and because of the poverty not a lot of people could afford food which led to famine. Disease quickly arrived after famine, causing death, which took out roughly one third of the Algerian population. Imperialization impacted Algerians government, culture, and even population. Although Algeria did suffer greatly because of the french, they also had some positive effects. Either way, imperialization had many positive and negative effects on Algeria, that shaped it to be what it is today (DiPiazza
To summarize the book into a few paragraphs doesn't due it the justice it deserves. The beginning details of the French and Ind...
“the Haitian Revolution forever transformed the world. It was a central part of the destruction of slavery in the Americas, and therefore a crucial moment in the history of democracy, one that laid the foundation for the continuing struggles for human rights everywhere. In this sense we are all descendants of the Haitian Revolution, and responsible to these ancestors.” (Dubois,
French occupation of Haiti began in the mid seventeenth century. For the next century and a half, the people of Haiti were forced to abandon their livelihoods and instead take up residence on namely sugar, indigo or cacao plantations in order to generate exports for the French market. Conditions on these plantations were often so cruel and oppressive that the common cause of death was exhaustion. No longer able to yield to the terms of their exploitation, Haitians participated in a string of slave revolts, the most prominent of which was led by Toussaint Louverture from 1791, which paved the road for Haitian emancipation. This essay will advance the idea that colonialism has impeded the political stability of Haiti during the nineteenth century, particularly from when Haiti formally declared independence in 1804. It will cover how issues such as; despotism, conflicting economic institutions, the militarization of the political system and racial supremacy, have negatively affected nineteenth century Haitian politics. Moreover, it will also elaborate on how these issues are, in effect, actually insidious derivatives of French rule during pre-independent Haiti.
Baker, Charles A. “Review: Two Views of Vichy France, ” The French Review, Vol.51, No. 5, American Association of Teachers of French, (April 1978), pp. 763-764
Before 1954, Algeria was not considered to be a French colony - rather it was seen as an integral part of France. The region was composed of departments, like those of the mainland. There were over a million white French nationals living in Algeria at the time and around eight million Muslims.3 This was a greater proportion of French nationals than in the other major North African colonies of France - Morocco, and Tunisia.4 Although there were benefits to remaining with France, the colonial administration was heavily weighed against the Muslims - particularly with regards to voting rights. In 1936, for instance, the Popular Front Government of Blum introduced legislation to the Assembly proposing to extend French citizenship to over twenty thousand Algerian Muslims.5 The initiative failed when all the European mayors of Algerian towns resigned in protest.
Talton, Benjamin. "The Challenge of Decolonization in Africa." The Challenge of Decolonization in Africa. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.
A. Adu Boahen's African Perspectives on Colonialism neatly classifies African responses to European colonialism during both phases of invasion and occupation during the 19th century with precise labels according to their nature or time period. However, the reactions can also be loosely grouped into two diametric characterizations: peaceful and violent. Although creating this dichotomy seems a gross generalization and oversimplification of the colonial African experience, it more importantly allows for a different perspective- one that exposes the overwhelming success of the typically peaceful or pacifist reaction in contrast to the little gain and large losses of the violent response.
Lumumba: Race and Revolution In the French film entitled Lumumba, director Raoul Peck recreates the revolutionary struggle of Patrice Lumumba, the newly elected Prime Minister of The Congolese Republic. In the movie, we do not see much of the independence struggle against the Belgian government, but we begin to see the reconstruction of the African state in African hands. While no one ever claimed that decolonization was easy, maybe this particular example can best be explained by Fanon’s simplified little quip “decolonization is always a violent phenomenon. ” In this paper, I will seek to locate where this post-colonial violence is located in discourses regarding race, class and gender.
Embittered by his experience in the French Army, where Africans and Arabs answered to white superiors and West Indians occupied an ambiguous middle ground, he gravitated to radical politics, Sartrean existentialism and the philosophy of black consciousness known as négritude (Djemai). Négritude is the affirmation or consciousness of the value of black or African culture, heritage, and identity (dictionary). Fanon also fell under the influence of Tosquelles, an innovative practitioner of group therapy. Applying Tosquelles 's methods at a hospital in a suburb of Algiers, where Fanon arrived in 1953, he earned the trust of Arab patients whom French psychiatrists had treated with a mixture of pity and contempt (Macey). In Fanon 's new home, Macey reminds us, one million Europeans ruled over some nine million Arabs and Berbers, largely illiterate and cruelly exploited. After the Algerian National Liberation Front launched a revolution in 1954, the French Army used Gestapo tactics to restore order. Suspects were given electric shocks to the testicles, raped with bottles and often beaten to death. Entire villages were destroyed in retaliation for the death of a single soldier. While secretly aiding the rebels, Fanon cared for victims and perpetrators alike, producing case notes that shed invaluable light on the psychic traumas of colonial war
The process of decolonization in Africa during the 1950’s through the 1970’s was a very smart yet risky idea. For some places independence was easily gained yet in other areas it was a battle. During the time periods where colonization existed, Africa was peaceful and kept things in order. People had control over their specific locations and there were no questions to be asked. Once it was decided to remove these rights, things got out of hand rather quickly. Violence was a main occurrence during the decolonization timeframe because rules, rights, leaderships, etc. got altered and drastically changed. Sometimes nonviolence was used but it usually wasn’t as effective. A major example of using nonviolence actions to gain independence is when Gandhi protested in India. African leaders have tried very hard to lessen the influence of Western powers and the broader international community but they’ve never been completely successful because they continuously needed support in state building, economic development, and public health initiatives.
As one looks around the world, one can see the many problems that lie around in the world. One problem that still lies around in the world is genocide. Genocide has been around for as long as one could trace back. Germany and Rwanda are one of the many countries that have had cases of genocide. In Germany, there had been the Holocaust, and in Rwanda, there had been a rivalry between two tribes. Like genocide, another major problem that still can be seen in the world is poverty. Currently, Algeria is one of many countries that deal with poverty because of its recent independence movement from France. In the rural areas, one can see a solution to this problem is to forge alliances with many rich countries so that constant trade can provide Algeria resources and money.
An overwhelming majority of African nations has reclaimed their independence from their European mother countries. This did not stop the Europeans from leaving a permanent mark on the continent however. European colonialism has shaped modern-day Africa, a considerable amount for the worse, but also some for the better. Including these positive and negative effects, colonialism has also touched much of Africa’s history and culture especially in recent years.