The Effect of Lateral Loading on Civil Structures

Essentially, Collins’ argument does not prove what he claims it does and is too strong to account for the existence of a life permitting universe because it not only misuses probability, but is rendered useless due to the paradoxes inherent in probability theory. Collins’ representation of the Fine-Tuning Argument is as follows: 1) Fine-Tuning is not improbable under theism. 2) Fine-Tuning is very improbable under the Atheistic Single Universe Hypothesis. 3) Prime Principle of Confirmation: When considering two competing hypotheses, an observation counts as evidence in favor of the hypothesis under which the observation has the highest probability (or is the least improbable) (Collins 8). 4) / From premises 1 and 2 and the Prime Principle of Confirmation, it follows that the existence of Fine-Tuning provides “strong evidence” for the design hypothesis over the Atheistic Single Universe Hypothesis (Collins 2003).

Perhaps drawing on his knowledge of the strength and behavior of construction materials subjected to strain, Mallet proposed that earthquakes occurred “either by sudden flexure and constraint of the elastic materials forming a portion of the earth's crust or by their giving way and becoming fractured.”(Butler 1995) Later, in the 1870s, the English geologist John Milne devised a forerunner of today's earthquake-recording device, or seismograph. A simple pen... ... middle of paper ... ... warned that a major quake would occur along the New Madrid fault before the end of the year. Like most predictions of this type, it proved to be wrong. “Groundwater has also played an important part in earthquake predictions. A peak in radon in the groundwater at Kobe, Japan 9 days before the 7.2 earthquake cause quite a stir.

Xiaocong He (2011) [22] reviewed adhesively bonded joints in terms of static loading analysis, environmental behaviors, fatigue loading analysis and dynamic characteristics of the adhesively bonded joints and the increasing complex joint geometry and predicted its three-dimensional nature combine to increase the difficulty of obtaining an overall system of governing equations for predicting the mechanical properties of the adhesively bonded joints. Ali Ozturk and Mufit Gulgec (2011) [23] determined elastic–plastic deformation of a solid cylinder with fixed ends, made of functionally graded material (FGM) with uniform internal heat generation is investigated, based on Tresca’s yield criterion and its associated flow rule, considering four of the material properties to vary radially according to a parabolic form. R.S. Taufika and S. Sulaiman (2013) [24] presented the development of thermal expansion model for casted Aluminum silicon carbide. Here, the thermal

On top of this, my levels of significance do not match up with Li and Reuveny’s levels of significance. To truly replicate their model this must be fixed. After fixing this error of not having robust standard errors, my data in Model 2 (see page 10, Table 1) matches with Li and Reuveney’s Table 1, Model 4. However, the problem of my levels of significance is still seen, but it is not due to a calculation error. This “problem” will be addressed later in this section.

If we were to use this form of induction, we would end up ... ... middle of paper ... ...ess my critique of sense data. One may argue that it is possible for sense data to be physical; that independence of self does not imply existence. One may also criticize the fact that my inference to the best conclusion argument still relies on some enumerative induction, allowing it to fall victim to Stace’s original claims about the ineffectiveness of induction. In short, it is quite clear that the inductive method of inference to the best conclusion does not give us enough justification to claim we know unperceived objects to exist. However, through our example of the two worlds and proven inconsistencies in the concept of sense data, we have enough justification to believe in material objects.

eqBQ relies heavily on the use of BIM modeling to generate the quantities before exporting them to produce the BQ. Factors affecting BIM may hinder its ability for use of quantity takeoffs and the production of the BQ. Firstly, material takeoffs in BIM require the use of different methods. For example, during manual calculation of the one-brick wall superstructure, the value of 84.86 can only be gotten after subtraction from 95.91 (the external wall for the gable ends). This kind of deduction will not be possible on the software itself and that is not how the software is designed to work as well.

Since Laudan does not say how to prioritize incompatible aims, axiological consistency is an utopian desideratum. Thus, his constraints on cognitive aims contradict one another. Finally, (v), Laudan's axiological constraints are too weak and in order to strengthen them, he must invoke without justification some implicit pre-philosophical cognitive aims. This opens the logical possibility of axiological relativism, which Laudan attempted from the beginning to avoid. Laudan's Theory of Aims In Science and Values, Laudan has developed the view that our scientific aims can sometimes be rationally selected by imposing two constraints (1) on them: 1. they should be jointly consistent, 2. a pragmatic constraint of empirical realizability, or non-utopianism.

Coloured Petrinets are examples for backward compatible petrinets. If the properties can be modelled in the original petrinet, they are not real extensions. 2) Non backwards compatible These are the petrinets whose extensions cannot be reverted to get back the original petriet. For example, timed petrinets cannot be reversed from theoir extended versions since it is a function of time. Non backward compatible Extensions are sometimes very powerful, but they do not possess the full range of mathematical tools that are available for the analysis of normal Petri nets.

In this way, if an area of study does not allow itself to be disproven, as it has been shown that string theory does, we will struggle to hold it as scientific knowledge. Further, at this point string theory holds no predictive power in terms of being testable now, or in the foreseeable future. Moreover, the metaphysical basis upon which string theory is based demonstrates that the basis of a scientific theory upon an untestable basis is not valid science. And while string theory is preoccupied dealing with its internal problems it will stagnate in most areas. In these ways, string theory gives us little reason to believe that it describes the truth of nature.

They serve as base line to which to compare the experimental group too in order to identify an effect. The experimental group are under the exact same conditions except for an aspect that is changed in order to learn the result of this change. Cause-and-effect is the desired outcome from the experimental group in comparison to the control group. Randomisation is a key factor in the unbiased allocation of sub... ... middle of paper ... ...e research, there must be at least two measures, or it will be impossible to calculate a correlation. A correlation may be statistically significant but be weak or low which means it is not associated and has no practical significance.