The use of nanoparticles as therapeutic drug agents has garnered much interest for their use in treatment of disease, as well as in vitro and in vivo diagnostics. The attraction of nanoparticles for use in medicine stems from their unique characteristics such as their large surface to mass ratio, quantum properties, and their large functional surface which has the ability to act as compound absorbers and carriers for compounds such as drugs, probes and proteins (De Jong and Borm, 2008). With recent developments in nanotechnology, the use of nanocarriers as drug delivery systems has shown great potential (Wilczewska et al., 2012). Cellular and tissue uptake of optimised nanocarriers is increased in comparison to larger molecules, coupled with the use of organ specific receptors; nanocarriers can be used to effectively enter in much lower doses then used in standard medications (Suri, Fenniri and Singh, 2007). Passive or active mechanism can be employed to create cell specific targeting nanocarriers. Active mechanisms work by conjugation of nanocarriers to affected sites with recognition ligands such as folic acids or peptides etc. Manipulation of the physical environment through changes in pH, temperature or magnetism can also yield the same effects. Passive targeting is achieved through creating, or taking advantage of, increased permeability and retention of vascular structures, in particular the BBB (Lai, Kuo and Leo, 2005. Wilczewska et al., 2012).
Varying types of nanocarriers have been designed to be used as drug delivery systems. Nanocapsules are manufactured vesicle structures that have drug compounds locked into a cavity, which is then surrounded by a polymer membrane or mesoporous silica. The latter is most used in conju...
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...nt increase in brain uptake and toxicity against brain tumours expressing p-glycoprotein of nano encapsulated paclitaxel. The nanoparticles were also able to remain intact after crossing into the extracellular space of the brain from the BBB. Toxicity studies performed on the nanoparticles used in Koziara et al. (2004) showed that they had no significant effects on perfusion flow when present in the neurovasculature during in vivo testing. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, the use of these nanoparticles had no effect on BBB integrity, permeability or tight junction proteins (Muldoon et al., 2006. Lockman et al., 2003). Despite these seemingly successful results, the literature available through mediums in the methods section, is lacking in more recent studies using the above nanoparticles; “emulsifying wax/Brij 78” and “Brij 72/Tween 80” loaded with paclitaxel.
Pinto Reis C., Neufeld RJ., Ribeiro AJ., & Veiga F., 2006. Nanoencapsulation I. Method for preparation of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 2, 9-21
Liposomes are artificial prepared vesicles which are composed of the lipid bilayer. They can be used as a vehicle for nutrients and pharmaceutical drug administration. Liposomes are prepared by disrupting the biological membranes by sonication. Liposomes are closed vehicles that contain both lipophilic and a hydrophilic region. The formation of these vesicles is made by hydrating a mixture of cholesterol and a phospholipid. There are many different approaches to delivering these drugs. Improvements for the performance of the drug molecules are by delayed clearance from the circulation and protecting the drug from the environment and limiting the effects to the target cells. “Liposomes was discovered about 40 years ago by Bangham and his coworker.” (Boddyreddy, 2012) which was an accidently discovery because he was studying blood clotting.
In this case study, our concern goes for the chitosan nanoparticles; firstly nanoparticles are able to adsorb and/or encapsulate a drug, thus protecting it against chemical and enzymatic degradation. Furthermore the encapsulated drug may be prevented from crystallization, thus forming a solid solution. Depending on drug solubility in the carrier, a drug load varying from only a few percent up to 50%] Secondly, chitosan is ...
They have a larger surface area in proportion to their volume. This enables them to interact with different types of biological systems and provides a wide variety of possibilities (Nuruzatulifah, Nizam, & Ain, 2015). The nanoparticles can be seen by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). When there is one nanoparticle, it is called a primary particle. When there is more than one, it is called a secondary particle. In order to measure these particles, they need to be suspended in a solution (Pruneanu, Coros & Pogacean, 2015). Dyed nanoparticles or internally fluorescent nanoparticles barely interact with cellular proteins which is what the study requires. They are also quite easy to manipulate. They can be easily internalized into cells and can be programmed to go to specific sites (Wolbeis,
It is clear that nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize health care and even transport
It concerns all specialties of medecine, from pathology and oncology to cosmetic and reconstructive surgery.Currently, nanomedicine applications have been approved and are currently used for diagnostic procedures, body and organ imaging, surgical tools, drug delivery systems and gene therapies. [5,6]
Nanomedicine is offering incredible and innovative therapies like cancer nanomedicine, nanosurgery, and tissue engineering. In cancer nanomedicine, they use “targeted drug delivery” to target the tumor itself and avoid harming the normal, healthy cells (Berger, 2017). This in return, offers a more effective treatment with better outcomes and less side effects. In cancer nanomedicine, nanoparticles are used as tumor destroying mediators that use high temperatures to destroy them. These nanoparticles have to be injected into the tumor, then they have to be activated to produce this heat and then they are destroyed via a magnetic field, X-rays, or light (Berger,
...nessing “the power of nanotechnology” to radically change the way we diagnose, treat, and prevent cancer.” The most likely method implemented will by the use of nanovectors for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, and then heating nanoparticles that are attached to cancer cells so that the cancer cells explode. (5, 9) There are still many obstacles that must be overcome before this is a reality: from the ethical concern by some that nanobots will take control of the body to the more practical problem that this method of treatment will be very expensive and funding will be an issue. (6) But with millions of people suffering from some form of cancer, scientists are searching for cures and treatments and nanotechnology offers the greatest promise. One day, cancer may be completely curable thanks to nanotechnology which is something everyone would benefit from.
The term nanocarriers includes a wide range of different nanosized drug delivery systems. The oldest and at the same time the most clinically established nanocarriers are liposomes, spheres composed of an aqueous core surrounded by one or more concentric lipid bilayers. They are suited for the encapsulation of both hydrophillic and hydrophobic drugs, respectively in the aqueous core and whitin the lipid membrane (Hafner e.a. 2014). Liposomes increase thus the solubility of hydrophobic compounds, they enable trapping of drug molecules with a high potency, they reduce systemic side effects and toxicity and they attenuate drug clearance (Riehemann e.a. 2009)
Drug peak has disappeared in XRD of Nanoparticle 3 which probably may be due to conversion of Tamoxifen citrate from crystalline state to amorphous state or dissolution during the heating involved in the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticle or may be another phenomenon is drug may be present in polymeric amorphous phase. (Fig
Regenerative medicine targets the conservation and development of organ function. The modification of tissues is obtained by linking living cells with materials that work as scaffolds to support cell generation. Nanotechnology is the means that feeds the material structure that simulate biological ones and additionally provide a direct delivery system. The functionality of nanotechnology for regenerative medicine is primarily due to its small unit size according to the International System of Units, one nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. The unit size allows for the technological apparatus to navigate the bloodstream and target and fix damage cells in tissues.
...uming Nie, and May D. Wang. "Nanotechnology Applications in Surgical Oncology." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 18 Oct. 2010. Web. 09 Apr. 2014. .
Nano-technology is a revolution in almost all disciplines of life today. Nanotechnology approaches the manipulation of matter at atomic and molecular level. This technology, which deals with matter in nano-dimensions, has widened our views of poorly understood health issues and provided novel means of diagnosis and treatment. Dentistry, not being an exception, also faces major revolutions to constantly provide better and more comfortable dental care to patients. Researchers in the field of dentistry have explored the potential of nano-particles in existing therapeutic modalities with moderate success. The important application in the field of dentistry
Enhanced Nutrient Delivery: Nano-encapsulating improves the solubility of antioxidants, vitamins, healthy omega oils and other neutraceuticals
The magnetic nanoparticles have a large surface area that can be modified to attach biological agents i.e. a bioactive molecule or a legend for targeting. So the magnetic nanoparticles can be used to deliver a package, such as an anticancer drug, or a cohort of radionuclide atoms, to a targeted region of the body, such as a tumor.