For 8 weeks of vacation work I have been looking at preparing and characterizing nanoparticulate systems to encapsulate the antimicrobial drug mupirocin. Specifically polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes were investigated.
Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa; often resulting from a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a bacterial infection in the sinus cavity (Suh JD. & Kennedy DW., 2011). S. aureus can be treated with antimicrobial mupiriocin (MUP). Nasal irrigation is employed for the current delivery of the drug, however the system lacks effectiveness. Copious amounts of solution need to be directed into the sinus cavity with majority of it pouring back out of the nose and hence decreasing the drugs efficacy. In addition to this, the planktonic bacteria in the cavity can amalgamate into biofilms; an exopolysaccharide matrix which is highly resistant to antimicrobials. These biofilms specifically require a novel drug delivery system in order to be successfully eradicated.
Antimicrobial encapsulated into polymeric nanoparticles is a suggested novel drug delivery system to treat CRS. Nanoparticles are categorized into nanospheres (matrix-like structure) and nanocapsules (vesicular systems). Nanospheres are a type of nanoparticles that allows drug encapsulation surrounded by a polymer matrix (Pinto Reis C. et al., 2006). Literature suggests Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) is an attractive polymer to coat the nanospheres due to their biodegradable and biocompatible properties (Makadia HK. & Siegel SJ., 2011). The nanoprecipitation solvent-diffusion method was chosen for encapsulation of the poorly water-soluble drug MUP. Initially, an oil-in-water emulsion is formed. PLGA and MUP in a 1:1...
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....drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00410. [Accessed 03 February 14].
Makadia HK. & Siegel SJ., 2011. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier. Polymers, 3, 1377-1397
Phoeung T., Morfin Huber L. & Lafleur M., 2009. Cationic Detergent/Sterol Mixtures Can Form Fluid Lamellar Phase and Stable Unilamellar Vesicles. Langmuir, 10, 5778-5784.
Pinto Reis C., Neufeld RJ., Ribeiro AJ., & Veiga F., 2006. Nanoencapsulation I. Method for preparation of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 2, 9-21
Suh JD. & Kennedy DW., 2011. Treatment Options for Chronic Rhinosinusitis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 8, 132-140
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R.S. has been using the recommended treatment for his condition, which inlcude inhaled short-acting Beta-2 agonist and Theophylline, a bronchodilator, to control his respiratory disease.
Sequeiros, IM, Jarad, NA. 2009. Home intravenous antibiotic treatment for acute pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis-Is it good for the patient?. Annals of Thoracic Medicine 4(3), pp. 111-114.
Meanwhile, a study made by Palmer found that inhaled antibiotics used as adjunct to systemic antibiotic therapy has proven to improve the clinical outcome of patients with MDR VAP (6). The study also showed a direct relationship between antibiotic resistance with the se of systematic antibiotics. Aerosolized antibiotic used in this study that are proven to be effective are: amikacin, colistin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomycin, and yancomycin.
Croup: Croup is another common airway inflammation caused by virus that can affect the trachea, larynx and possibility the bronchi (Murray, Sidani, & Zoorob, 2011) thus causing infection in the upper respiratory tract. Murray et al. describes it as the most common illness in children under the age of 6 to 36 months and cause for cough mostly when a child cries; acute stridor and hoarseness in febrile children (Murray et al., 2011). It can be a life-threatening situation in the life of the young infant and the family. Croup symptoms exhibit as hoarseness, barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and respiratory distress. I chose this diagnosis as my first preference because when I read the mother’s subjective report it matches that of croup symptoms: a barking cough, no fever, severe at night and when the baby cries, fatigue due to excessiveness of the tears, pain due to inflames and swollen of the airway. Murray et al., led us to understand that the etiologies of this viral causing agent can be traced to the parainfluenza viruses, type 1. (2011). This virus is commonly spread through contact or droplet secretion.
Tracheobronchitis is often times found in intubated patients who need assistance breathing by a ventilator. These infections are often times caused by multidrug resistant bacteria (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aures or gram negative bacilli), where they collect in the oropharynx and enter the respiratory by the endotracheal tube cuff or through the lumen (Craven & Hjalmarson, 2010). Ventilated associated tracheobronchitis (VAT) leads to ventilator associated pneumonia if not affectively treated with the appropriate medications and prevention techniques over time. One must understand the significance in order to properly put into effect the prevention and therapy. The endotracheal tube cuff and intralumenal biofilm formation also prevent the exit of bacteria and secretions from the lower airway, increasing the need for manual tracheobronchial suctioning (Craven & Hjalmarson, 2010). The numbers and virulence of types of pathoge...
Haas, D. F. (1990). The Chronic Bronchitis And EMPHYSEMA. New York,NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
At this time, no prescriptive drug therapies are indicated; however, over-the-counter medications (OTC) may be used to relieve symptoms, which include a decongestant either oral or topical in
Size and stability: Liquid formulation can be bulky, difficult to transport and store.1 During storage under the stated conditions, it’s necessary that oral solutions are not subject to precipitation, fast sedimentation, caking or formation of lump.2 They have poor stability compare to solid dosage form formulation due to hydrolysis.1 Therefore, it’s important to optimize the active ingredient stability in liquid formulation including those prepared from powder or granules.2
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive and fast-growing bacteria which inhabit upper respiratory tract in humans. Moreover, it is an aerotolerant anaerobe and usually causes respiratory diseases including pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, peritonitis, paranasal sinusitis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis (Todar, 2003). According to Tettelin et al., more than 3 million of children die from meningitis or pneumonia worldwide (2001). S.pneumoniae has an enzyme known as autolysin that is responsible for disintegration and disruption of epithelial cells. Furthermore, S.pneumoniae has many essential virulence factors like capsule which is made up of polysaccharides that avoids complement C3b opsonization of cells by phagocytes. Many vaccines contain different capsular antigens which were isolated from various strains (Todar, 2003). There are plenty of S.pneumoniae strains that developed resistance to most popular antibiotics like macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and penicillin since 1990 (Tettelin et al., 2001). Antibiotic resistance was developed by the gene mutation and selection processes that, as a consequence, lead to the formation of penicillin-binding proteins, etc. (Todar, 2003).
... antibiotic resistance has quickly become an increasing concern in recent times due to the growing use of antibiotics. To combat this problem, we propose that healthy intestinal floras be maintained after antibiotic resistance using fecal bacteriotherapy, and that processes of lateral gene transfer be disrupted before antibiotic resistance through the use of copper surfaces and after antibiotic resistance through synthesized CSPs. Continuing research in these solutions as well as implementing these strategies into mainstream medicine will certainly reduce the frequency of antibiotic resistance along with incidences of serious disease outbreaks in hospitals. With a better understanding of the causes of antibiotic resistance and the role that patients and doctors play in these causes, it is time to move forward and attempt to eradicate this problem once and for all.
The clinical manifestation one may see in patients with chronic bronchitis are chronic cough, weight loss, excessive sputum, and dyspnea. Chronic cough is from the body trying to expel the excessive mucus build up to return breathing back to normal. Dyspnea is from the thickening of the bronchial walls causing constriction, thereby altering the breathing pattern. This causes the body to use other surrounding muscles to help with breathing which can be exhausting. These patients ca...
Nursing Diagnosis I for Patient R.M. is ineffective airway clearance related to retained secretions. This is evidenced by a weak unproductive cough and by both objective and subjective data. Objective data includes diagnosis of pneumonia, functional decline, and dyspnea. Subjective data include the patient’s complaints of feeling short of breath, even with assistance with basic ADLs. This is a crucial nursing diagnosis as pneumonia is a serious condition that is the eighth leading cause of death in the United States and the number one cause of death from infectious diseases (Lemon, & Burke, 2011). It is vital to keep the airway clear of the mucus that may be produced from the inflammatory response of pneumonia. This care plan is increasingly important because of R.M.'s state of functional decline; he is unable to perform ADL and to elicit a strong cough by himself due to his slouched posture. Respiratory infections and in this case, pneumonia, will further impair the airway (Lemon, & Burke, 2011). Because of the combination of pneumonia and R.M's other diagnoses of lifelong asthma, it is imperative that the nursing care plan of ineffective airway clearance be carried out. The first goal of this care plan was to have the patient breathe deeply and cough to remove secretions. It is important that the nurse help the patient deep breathe in an upright position; this is the best position for chest expansion, which promotes expansion and ventilation of all lung fields (Sparks and Taylor, 2011). It is also important the nurse teach the patient an easily performed cough technique and help mobilize the patient with ADL's. This helps the patient learn to cough and clear their airways without fatigue (Sparks a...
Bacteria are found nearly everywhere within the body and most types are harmless or even helpful to bodily function (Novitt-Moreno). While it is important to have these bacteria in the body, pathogenic invaders can cause serious illnesses. Pathogenic bacteria work by either actually attacking a part of the victim’s body or releasing toxic waste products into the body. Bacteria are single-celled and contain all of the cellular mechanisms needed to live, grow, and reproduce (Novitt-Moreno). That means, when treating a bacterial infection, it is critical to have a highly specific antibiotic that can destroy the unwanted
Have you ever dealt with severe pain and discomfort in your sinuses? Or have you ever had headaches or sore throats but categorized it as merely a migraine or cold? Many people may not know that these are symptoms for Sinusitis, a very common health issue that affects 37 million people a year (Balloon Sinuplasty). Sinusitis is “an inflammation of the mucous lining of the nasal passages and sinuses” (University Maryland Medical Center).). Although sinusitis originates from the nasal passages, there are numerous symptoms that can lead to sinusitis. Sinusitis can begin when one experiences difficulty breathing through the nose, throbbing headaches, and swelling of the area around the eyes and face. In addition, thick green or yellow discharge from the nose or back of the throat is a sign of sinusitis. It is imperative to see an ENT (Ear, Neck, and Throat) doctor if these symptoms occur, particularly after one experiences a cold or allergies. If a doctor is not seen immediately, one can develop serious and long term issues such as swelling around the eyes, skin redness, severe facial pain, sensitivity to light, neck stiffness, feelings of weakness and apathy, and high fever (Pubmed Health). Many people may not realize the severity of sinusitis. There are four types of sinusitis: acute, subacute, chronic, and recurrent. Acute sinusitis lasts up to 4 weeks, subacute sinusitis lasts from 4 to 12 weeks, chronic sinusitis lasts more than 12 weeks but can linger for months and years, and recurrent occurs several times within a year (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases). Although there are home treatments and surgical procedures for Sinusitis, Balloon Sinuplasty is the newest and invasive surgical option that proves to be ...
Enhanced Nutrient Delivery: Nano-encapsulating improves the solubility of antioxidants, vitamins, healthy omega oils and other neutraceuticals