UV exposure to skin can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause direct chemical alteration in collagen and increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production leading to collagen break down. In addition, ROS produce mediators that cause skin inflammation. Vitamin C neutralizes ROS and is equally effective against UVA (320-400nm) and UVB (290-320 nm) that are produced due to UV exposure and causes skin-aging and sunburns respectively. Vitamin C is most effective as it exerts its action interacellularly and extracellularly (7). A study carried out by Telang (2013)(14) showed that 10 % of vitamin C applied topically decrease UVB induced erythema by 52% and sunburn cell formation by 40-60%. Vitamin C has a role to reduce the melanin formation by inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme that decrease dark spots. It has photo aging protection due to promoting collagen synthesis, as it is essential cofactor for enzymes required for its biosynthesis as a result, decrease wrinkle appearance (15). Therefore, extensive research was carried on for the maximum protection of vitamin C maintaining the stability, pH sensitivity and permeation to the skin. Summary of Preferred Solution N-acyl chitosan nanoparticles loaded with vitamin C: Fig.4. Chitosan structure (16) In this case study, our concern goes for the chitosan nanoparticles; firstly nanoparticles are able to adsorb and/or encapsulate a drug, thus protecting it against chemical and enzymatic degradation. Furthermore the encapsulated drug may be prevented from crystallization, thus forming a solid solution. Depending on drug solubility in the carrier, a drug load varying from only a few percent up to 50%] Secondly, chitosan is ... ... middle of paper ... ...des dissolving of 100mg of PC into 15 ml ethanol and then this solution mixture is added drop-wise into a Vitamin C solution. Continuous stirring is required. The conditions like low temperature and moisture content can be achieved. The organic solvent is then evaporated and by maintaining pH at 7.4 of the phosphate buffer solution (PBS), the solvent traces are removed. The Liposome dispersion is then stored under vacuum overnight. The liposome size can be downsized by sonication. Liposome characterisation i.e. size and surface structure can be observed using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) (27). The main disadvantage of liposomes is leakage of encapsulated material. Their solubility is relatively low and requires other solubilizers during formulation, which ultimately leads to higher production cost. Another drawback is their shorter half-life(28).
Vitamin A, in its various forms, is an essential component of mammalian health. In addition to its well-documented role in vision, Vitamin A contributes to several other important biological functions including nuclear transcription, skin cell differentiation, growth, and immunity. As animals are not capable of synthesis, vitamin A and its metabolites (collectively know as the retinoids) must be obtained through the diet (Goodman 1984). Two major forms of vitamin A are found in food: retinol and carotenoids. All of these fat-soluble vitamins contain two distinct structural features that contribute to all of their activity. The first is a β-ionone ring to which the second critical motif, an isoprenoid chain, is attached.
Marks, R., P.A. Foley, D. Jolley, K.R. Knight, and J. Harrison. 1995. The effect of regular sunscreen use on vitamin D levels in an Australian population: results of a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Dermatology 131: 415-421.
Besides that, vitamin C also helps in fights dandruff or some researchers and scholars claimed as seborrhoeic dermatitis. Moreover, based on the study by Ranganathan S. and Mukhopadhyay T (2010), they concluded that dandruff is considered as more towards physiological situation whereby inflammation on the scalp is reffered to seborrhoeic dermatitis. Dandruff problem is said that it is aetiologically from weak immune system and Melinda L. S. (2013) summarizes vitamin C improves in circulation system, skin health, immune system and
Vitamin C: Vitamin C helps to stimulate production of collagen and this will help heal wounds. Vitamin C also helps in the production of elastin which is importance to allow wounds to stretch without causing further damage. Vitamin C can be found in fruits such as lemon and oranges as well as peppers, cabbages, cauliflower and
Our skin receives ultraviolet rays from the sun. The measure of ultraviolet light rays your skin actually absorbs can be very detrimental to you. Ultraviolet rights can dismantle your folic acid or cause changes in the DNA. These are some ways people can obtain skin cancer. In response to the sun our skin produces Vitamin D. The more eumelanin you have, or the darker your skin, the harder it is for you to make Vitamin D because melanin tends to act as a filter. This means that darker complexions will need be exposed to more sunlight in order to obtain a great deal of Vitamin D. When people are exposed to ultraviolet for an extensive period of time this can cause skin wrinkles. Wrinkles are a sign of lost elasticity in the dermis. The alteration of elastic fibers is what causes the skin to lose its elastic property. A couple other disorders related to the integumentary system include Rosacea and Tinea. Rosacea can be diagnosed by its red appearance around the nose and cheeks. It also looks similar to a rash. A physician would be able to diagnose Rosacea by the fine network of dilated blood
Vitamin A helps a lot in the maintenance of a healthy skin, mucus membrane, teeth and other soft tissues of the body.
Over all, skin cancer is known to be a very common and dangerous cancer among the U.S.. Although there is no superior or particular cause known for it, it can be reduced by reducing radiation exposure from the sun and also tanning booths and beds. If not attempting to prevent it by staying out of the sun, and seeking not seeking shade and so forth, protection such as longer clothing garments that better cover the body as well as hats and sunglasses can help to eliminate direct exposure and reduce some of the damages that may occur. Certain amounts of sun light are healthy for the body as it provides vitamin- D which the body needs to maintain a healthy life style, though it is crucial not be over exposed as reverse side affects may occur, causing more harm than good.
Beta-carotene, Lycopene and Vitamins A, E and C are antioxidants that can be found in certain vegetables, fruits, nuts and oils necessary to slow this process down, resulting in better protection for the body and skin. Antioxidant ingredients can also be beneficial to the skin when applied topically.
Vitamin E with vitamin C both together can act as more stronger dose to fight against skin inflammation after exposure to UV radiation and can also be useful in decreasing symptoms of acne and eczema.
As an outward sign of beauty, tanned skin has been become a temporary fashionable accessory for the all year round summer look. The artificial skin color gives off an exotic and natural look, and highlight one’s physical traits such as facial structure or eye color. People use different types of machines and processes to tan their bodies such as your traditional sunbathing, spray tanning and tanning beds. They vary based on price points. The resulting appearance of these processes is created by burning and damaging the top layer of the skin. Although a tan may be desirable to many, the fact remains that more people need to be educated on the dangers of the sun’s harmful rays, and the possible health complications of overexposure to artificial or natural sunlight, and chemicals used in the tanning process which if not done properly can result in skin cancer.
The two major properties of vitamin C which make it an ideal antioxidant: First is the low one-electron reduction potentials of both ascorbate (282 mV) and its one-electron oxidation product, the ascorbyl radical (2174 mV) which is derived from the ene-diol functional group in the molecule. These low reduction potentials enable ascorbate and the ascorbyl radical to react with and reduce basically all physiologically relevant radicals and oxidants. For this reason, vitamin C has been said to be “at the bottom of the pecking order” (Carr and Frei, 1999). The second major property that makes vitamin C such an effective antioxidant is the stability of semidehydro-ascorbic acid or ascorbyl free radical(ASF) ,the species formed after the loss of one electron, with a half-life of 10−5 seconds and low reactivity of them (Carr and Frei, 1999;Packer, 2002; Padayatty et al., 2003).Once oxidized, ascorbate is turned into ascorbate free radical (AFR) a molecule that is relatively stable due to electron delocalization. Although AFR can donate another electron, it does not undergo further oxidation. Rather, it is reduced back to ascorbate via NADH-dependent
Vitamin C also known as ascorbic acid is needed for growth and maintenance of healthy tissues, especially skin, blood vessels, bones, gums, teeth. Vitamin C aids in resistance against infection and healing of wounds. It also helps the body absorb iron from food. Vitamin C can be found in green vegetables, potatoes, tomatoes and citrus fruits such as oranges and lemon. A lack of vitamin C can cause scurvy, iron deficiency and poor wound healing. A healthy diet should include a high amount of vitamin C because the human body cannot produce its own vitamin C.
The chemical name for vitamin C is ascorbic acid. Its molecular structure is fairly simple to recognize, C6H8O6. There are many positive properties of vitamin C. It is a water-soluble vitamin, so it is easily ingested into the bloodstream. It is also “virtually nontoxic” (3). When vitamin C is ingested, the body only uses what is needed. The rest is carried out of the body through urine. An experiment was carried out using guinea pigs to test the toxicity of the vitamin. “Guinea pigs that were given one half of one percent of their body weight of ascorbic acid per day for a period of days showed no symptoms of toxicity” (3).
Vitamin D and its role in cardiovascular disease Vitamin D has been established as an antirheic for over 80 years and its effects on calcium and bone metabolism have been the main focus for the majority of its research years. Despite the countless medical advances in recent years, there has been a resurgence of vitamin D deficiency around the globe. Largely due to insufficient sunlight exposure, many individuals nowadays are suffering from cardiovascular diseases which could be attributed to hypovitaminosis D. The mechanisms behind these diseases are not entirely understood, however many suggest that Vitamin D regulates bodily functions through its effects on parathyroid hormone production and the renin-angiotensin system. Vitamin D deficiency is thought to cause increased inflammatory, parathyroid effects and endothelial function failure, while also increasing vascular rigidity. A close link between vitamin D and cardiovascular diseases has been established by symptoms evidenced in experiments.
Since Vitamin C is needed for the growth and repair of tissue in every part of your body, it is very important to the human race. It forms proteins used to make skin, tendons, and ligaments; it also makes scar tissue to heal wounds. Vitamin C is an antixoidint, so it blocks some of the damage caused by free radicals, which are made when you are exposed to radiation or tobacco smoke. Since the body does not make vitamin C, it is important to include it in your daily diet. Vitamin C is also a natural remedy for the common cold. Even if it doesn’t reduce the risk of you getting a cold, if you take vitamin C supplements regularly it might shorten the time you have one or the symptoms are milder. There are many fruits you can eat to get your daily source of vitamin C such as, cantaloupe, citrus fruits, kiwis, mango, papayas, pineapple, and even watermelon. But with all of those fruits, there are vegetables that can al...