Bryan States
HIST111
Final Exam
December 25, 2015
1. The Crusades are probably the greatest symbol of the religious enthusiasm of the age. What were the goals of the Crusades? Targets? What motivated people to go on crusade besides religious zeal? How do we account for their general failure? How were the Crusades viewed by the Muslims, as indicated by the evidence from “Listening to the Past”? What lasting impact did they have? The ultimate goal of The Crusades was to take back the Holy Land from the Muslim's, the followers of Islam. Mohammad gained quite a following and with that a considerable amount of power, even his military forces by which he used to conquer the Christian holy land. This wasn't a single escapade but a series of crusades
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The period from 1450 to 1650, witnessed a profound extension of European society beyond the borders of the Continent. What were the factors that facilitated this expansion? What was the motivation, both for the individual European explorers and the states that supported them? The European society had a profound expansion facilitated by multiple causes to include the desire to rebuild economically after the devastating effects of the Black Death, their desire to spread the religion of Christianity and their desire to explore the unknown. In essence, the upbringing is based on the old saying “gold, God and glory”. Ultimately, this age of exploration would lead to global trade between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the New World. Economically, Europe was on the rise again, following the plague but also the loss of trading routes that were used to acquire one of the most important goods of their time and was even a part of the reason the European explorers set out in order to find new land and new routes; spices. These spices were used for a multitude of purposes to include for making dyes, religious purposes, perfumes, etc. Slaves and gold were also hot commodities and this became a large factor once they began to travel around Africa in order to reach richer areas and
The goal of the Crusades was to regain the Holy Lands in the name of the church and drive the Muslims out of Jerusalem.
The effects of the spreading of scientific and technological innovation between 1000 and 1450 were felt across Eurasia. These phenomenon resulted in higher degrees of interregional contact and the entrance
The First Crusade was a widely appealing armed pilgrimage, and mobilized a vast conquering force at a time when the Christian Church was moving towards centralization and greater political influence in Europe. The Church gained a wider audience more accepting of its leadership, benefitted economically, and developed its own militarily force. These outcomes, along with the Church’s documented ambition to expand and its reversal of prior teachings, support the idea that the First Crusade was a deliberate political maneuver, intended to to expand and consolidate the authority of the
Among some of the largest conflicts in the world stand the Crusades; a brutal conflict that lasted over 200 years and was debatably one of the largest armed religious conflicts in the history of humankind. Since this is so clearly an event of importance, historians have searched vigorously for the true answer as to why the crusades began. Ultimately, because of accusatory views on both the sides of the Christians and of the Muslims, the two groups grew in such hatred of each other that they began to act in deep discrimination of each other. Moreover, Christian motives seemed to be driven mostly by the capture of Jerusalem, the dark ages of Europe and the common-folks desperation for land, wealth, and a spot in heaven. What seems to be continually
The Crusades have been a heated and debated topic for centuries. The main reason the crusades started was because of religious factors and the promise of indulgences by going to the Holy Land and defending all of Christendom from the infidels (p. 102). This brings us to a second point which is, the personal gain for Christians in the East and an expansion of economic and territory to the East (p. 111). Christians wanted to take back the Holy Land from the Moslems and reclaim it for Christendom. The crusades affected Christian Medieval Europe on every fiber, but were the Christians crusades motivated by religious factors or by bloodlust and plunder?
God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades by Rodney Stark, will cause readers to question much of what they know about the Crusades, the Crusaders themselves, and the formidable Muslim forces they encountered along the way in liberation of the Holy Land. Stark gives compelling reasons for the Crusades, and argues that readers should not be too quick in following the lead of historians who cast the Crusaders in less than positive light. Stark makes his case supported by evidence that vindicates the valiant struggles of the Crusaders who accomplished the task of keeping Christianity alive through troubled times.
In 1095, Pope Urban II called the first crusade. Happening between 1096 and 1099, the first crusade was both a military expedition and a mass movement of people with the simple goal of reclaiming the Holy Lands taken by the Muslims in their conquests of the Levant. The crusade ended with the capture of Jerusalem in July 1099. However, there has been much debate about whether the First Crusade can be considered an ‘armed pilgrimage’ or whether it has to be considered as a holy war. This view is complicated due to the ways in which the Crusade was presented and how the penitential nature of it changed throughout the course of the Crusade.
The First Crusade from 1095 to 1099 has been seen as a successful crusade. The First Crusaders carefully planned out their attacks to help promote religion throughout the lands. As the First Crusade set the example of what a successful crusade should do, the following crusades failed to maintain control of the Holy Land. Crusades following after the First Crusade weren’t as fortunate with maintaining the Holy Land due united forces of Muslims, lack of organization, and lack of religious focus.
Among all the crusades, the Fourth Crusade and Fifth Crusade had met their fates of failure due to the wrong decision of strategies to achieve their purpose of saving the holy land of Jerusalem. Their same outcome of failure had something in common that was strategic deviation from the fundamental goal of the crusades. The following section would discuss the fates of the Fourth Crusade and Fifth Crusade by examining their occurrences and their influences.
The Age of Exploration in Europe developed along with the Renaissance. In Western history, both periods served as transitional movements between the early modern and Middle Ages periods. The evolution as well as advancement of abroad exploration was fueled by competition between growing European empires like England and Spain. The size as well as the influence of European empires expanded greatly during this time as it was motivated by profit, religion and power. The exploration’s effects were felt both abroad as well as in the geographical boundaries of Europe itself. The political, cultural and economical influences of Europe’s early stages of international exploration affected the continuing development of European society as well as the whole world.
Stott, Anne. "Europe 1700-1914: A Continent Transformed." europetransformed.blogspot.com. University of London, 7 March 2011. Web. 30 November 2013.
All in all, the Crusades helped shape Europe’s history with the growth and spread of new religious institution and the military order of knighthood. They helped support other crusades against non-christian groups, such as the Slavs or Prussians, and against heretics. The crusades caused people to take religious vows into religious orders. Some of these orders became very rich, one example being the Knights Templar. “It [the Crusades] was the most explicit crystallization of militant Christianity” (Roberts, 151).
The crusades motivation was warfare in God's name, previously orchestrated by Muslims, was then led by Christian crusaders battling to take Holy Land from the Muslims. However, there were additional motivations such as economic and political gain, adventure, and the vassals obligation to follow...
The first of these factors was the change in the views and outlook of the Europeans. The rise of towns and trade in the past century stimulated a desire for foreign goods. As a second effect it exposed the Europeans to foreign culture, hence producing interest towards the outside world. Supplementary to the rise of towns and the increase in trade were the radical ideas of the Renaissance. Secular topics w...
The year is 1750 and European power has spread to every far corner of the world. The British and French occupy most of the Hudson Bay and North Atlantic territories, while the Spanish and Portuguese have established massive sugar plantations and mining companies throughout South America and the Caribbean. The Dutch Republic has also started growing it’s imperial, nationalistic, and economic boundaries to the new world as well. How did the Europeans push their way to global influence and dominance over the world? The answer lies in the early 14th century as Europe emerged from the darkness of the Middle Ages. European states began to prosper through the developing global economy, growing populations, breakdown in religious unity, and dramatic competition amongst regional states. Not only did Europe begin to expand its political sphere, but it also increased its knowledge through the re-introduction of Hellenistic and rationalistic ideologies of the once great Roman and Greek civilizations. These ideas propelled Europe into the Enlightenment and the scientific revolution which cause more separation from previous religious beliefs. All of these factors caused an enormous influence on European economies, religious beliefs, modern scientific and mathematical discoveries, and vicious competition between powerful national states.. Despite being their own individual aspects in European history, they all play a giant role into the formation of the early modern world. We must also keep in mind that all of these aspects of European development are occurring simultaneously throughout history The initial factor to European dominance was the establishment of powerful state building. The European states were the center stones for the rest of E...