Oxidative stress promotion: Disturbance of the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favour of the former is termed as oxidative stress (Aly et al. 2010; Uchendu et al. 2012). The outcome of this multistep process is tissue damage which builds a path from the onset of tissue damage through diseases to finally apoptosis (Agrawal and Sharma 2010). Damage induced by oxidative stress occurs through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which includes oxygen derived free radicals such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and non radical derivatives as hydrogen peroxide (Tebourbi et al. 2011; Verma et al. 2007). ROS induces alterations and damage to macromolecules like lipids and proteins, most common phenomena being lipid peroxidation (Aly et al. 2010; Schneider and de Oliveira 2004). The oxidative destruction of lipids (lipid peroxidation) is a destructive, self-perpetuating chain reaction, releasing malonaldehyde as the end-product (Vidyasagar et al. 2009). Pesticides are known to induce oxidative stress by mechanisms shown in Fig.4. With the function of the GABA-ergic inhibitory neurons impaired, hyperexcitation results (Coats 1990).
Other mechanisms of action: Organophosphates inhibit enzyme acetylcholinesterase in nerves, neuromuscular and glandular tissues where is plays important role in cell to cell communication (Karalliedde et al. 2003).
Organochlorines disrupt the sodium- potassium flow across the axon membrane and induce hyperexcitable state in central and peripheral nervous system leading to headache, dizziness, vomiting and incoordination (Agrawal and Sharma 2010). They are purported to involve binding at the picrotoxinin site in the y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) chloride ionophore complex. This binding inhibits ClP f...
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... lead to a fall in the diffusing capacity of the lungs and neonicotinoid insecticides showed a relationship with lower pulmonary volumes (total lung capacity, residual volume, and functional residual capacity), suggestive of restrictive lung disease (Hernandez et al. 2008). A progressive decline in CO2 diffusion capacity and arterial oxygen tension has also been observed (Bismuth et al. 1982).
Severe acute exposure to paraquat led to pulmonary edema and early lung damage within few hours of ingestion (Nordquist et al. 1995; Honore et al. 1994). However, delayed toxic damage of pulmonary fibrosis, the usual cause of death, most commonly occurred 7-14 days after the ingestion. The primary mechanism of action of paraquat poisoning on the respiratory system is through the generation of free radicals with oxidative damage to lung tissue (Giulivi et al. 1995; Pond 1990).
This last process is significant not only because it brought dioxin the current notoriety but it also is a chemical process used to make products that were used and are still been used in many applications. These applications include pesticide, herbicide, defoliating agent such as Agent Orange, cleaning agent and electrical insulation. Consequently, human exposure to dioxin is not a recent phenomenon and the dangers of dioxin are not unknown. Only in recent years, especially after the Vietnam War, has the media concentrated on the dangers and impact of dioxin.
...s to interfere with bonding to the receptors. The final possibility uses CNP, which downregulates the activation in MAP kinase pathways in the chondrocytes (4).
8) Meiri, H., Banin, E., Roll, M., Rousseau, A. Toxic Effects of Aluminum on Nerve Cells and Synaptic Transmission. Progress in Neurobiology, 40: 89-121 (1993).
Its ability to inhibit phosphodiestarase type 1 leading to an increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP which is thought to result in its vasodilator effects
Acetylcholine (Ach) is a major transmitter found in the autonomic ganglia that allows neurons to communicate for sensory input and muscle control. Muscarinic receptors are vital in the control of the central nervous system (CNS) and also parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal processes. By blocking the action of these receptors, a result is possible impaired central and peripheral nervous system functioning. Inhibiting this function could also cause tachycardia, which can lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack) or angina (chest pain). Scopolamine is also used as a pupil dilator, in pain management, and to treat symptoms associated with chemotherapy.... ...
Neurotoxins prevent or stop the function of neurons. Neurons are found amongst the brain, spinal cord and the nervous system, which expands through the rest of the body. The function of neuron cells is very vital to the body as their main job is to process and spread information. Thought the presentations we learned that neurotoxins could cause different effects ranging from non-harmful to deadly. During the presentations we also discussed how the communications of neurons were each group were given one topic such as: action potential, membrane potential, summation, propagation and how different neurotoxins were affected.
...uch as yoga, meditation, and deep breathing activate the body’s relaxation response, a state of restfulness that is the opposite of the stress response.
...ortation of plants, fruits, vegetables, and animals. Indiscriminate pesticide use kills the good with the bad. Long term and wide spread pesticide use poisons underground water sources, which, in turn, poison plants, animals, and humans. And, finally, by our uninformed actions, new super races of pests continue to evolve and create even greater dangers than the original.
The purpose of this paper is to define stress and how it effects the body's physiological systems. This paper will include the normal functions and organs involved in the following five physiological systems, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, immune and musculoskeletal. This paper will also include a description of a chronic illness associated with each physiological system and how the illness is affected by stress.
To help keep crops from being destroyed, conventional farmers use many methods such as pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides. Nearly 1 billion pounds of these chemicals are used every year (“pesticides”). Because of this excessive use, some scientists express concern that using artificial chemicals in the farming process could produce unhealthy crops. People who ate it over a long period of time could suffer from degraded health and stunted growth (“Organic Foods”). For example, in 1989, the EPA banned the use of Alar which was a chemical used to ripen apples (“Farming, Organics”). This chemical proved to be carcinogenic after causing tumors in mice after several laboratory tests (“Organic Food”). As a result of these findings there was a dramatic increase of the sales for organic food (“Organic Food”). Another study found that Atrazine (one of the most widely used herbicides in the United States) has the potential of being carcinogenic and reducing sperm counts in males (“Organic Food”). This was further proven when evidence was found that chemicals u...
As time has progressed, there has always been an overarching need for high amounts of crop production throughout the world. With the rapid rate of population growth, the need for crops and other sources of nutrients is only increasing. In order to meet these high demands and increase yields, farmers and other agriculturalists have started implementing the use of pesticides. These chemical mixtures are being used in order to prevent, destroy, repel or mitigate any pests from destroying growing crops. However, using pesticides on crops can create massive amounts of pollution, negatively affect an individual’s health, and can spark biodiversity loss within an ecosystem. According to Michael C.R. Alavanja, “Over 1 billion pounds of pesticides are used within the United States (US) each year and approximately 5.6 billion pounds are used worldwide”. With all this in mind, it is clear that pesticides should not be made available to farmers and agriculturalists, and should
Stress is the combination of psychological, physiological, and behavioral reactions that people have in response to events that threaten or challenge them. Stress can be good or bad. Sometimes, stress is helpful, providing people with the extra energy or alertness they need. Stress could give a runner the edge he or she needs to persevere in a marathon, for example. This good kind of stress is called eustress. Unfortunately, stress is often not helpful and can even be harmful when not managed effectively. Stress could make a salesperson buckle under the pressure while trying to make a sales pitch at an important business meeting, for example. Moreover, stress can increase the risk of developing health problems, such as cardiovascular disease and anxiety disorders. This bad kind of stress is called distress, the kind of stress that people usually are referring to when they use the word stress.
Stress is an ongoing dilemma that occurs in each and everyone’s life. It is a factor that is undoubtedly a part of daily living. Due to the trivial problems that occur in people’s daily lives massive amounts of stress can arise. People perceive and manage stress in many different ways. The causes and effects of stress are numerous and one’s ability to manage stress is vital in maintaining healthy living.
There are 2.5 billion pounds of pesticides being applied to agricultural products each year in the United States. This is ten times more than was applied forty years ago. It is still unknown as to what type of exact effects these chemicals may have on individuals. Some farmers that have been using pesticides in their fields and developed leukemia are finding that the cause of their disease is from inhaling pesticides. These chemicals are still in use today and most of them have never been tested for the short or long-term effects that they may have on humans.
Pesticide is a chemical used to prevent, wipe out and control the pest problem in agriculture. The use of pesticides have become a common practice around the world, and used almost everywhere, such as agricultural fields, homes, park and school, and so on. Most pesticides are insecticides, herbicides and fungicides that have distinct purposes. Insecticides are used to control insects; herbicides are used to destroy plants; fungicides are used to prevent molds and mildews. Most commonly pesticides contain highly toxic chemical such as Acid copper chromate (ACC), Acephate and Chlorpyrifos, and so on. One of example of insecticides, Chlorpyrifos, sprays widely on a variety of food and golf courses in order to control pests in a cornfield. However, “Chlorpyrifos can cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans; that is, it can over stimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, confusion, and at very high exposures (e.g., accidents or major spills), respiratory paralysis and death.” (EPA GOV) In the market has thousands of products are similar as Chlorpyrifos.