Oxygen is an essential component for cellular metabolic processes. As a result of normal cellular metabolism, oxidative products i.e. oxygen free radicals or reactive oxygen species are produced. In eukaryotic cells energy is generated in mitochondria as a result of aerobic respiration and this oxidative metabolism is responsible for formation of various compounds. Nearly all of these compounds are advantageous but a small proportion could be lethal if produced in higher concentration. During normal
The aim of present study was to examine the effects of long-term/exhaustive exercise and spirulina intake on plasma, liver and muscle tissues’ oxidative state in adult male rats. We found that the exhaustive exercise resulted to increased levels of CK, CK-MB and LDH in the plasma of E group. An important finding of our study is that spirulina attenuated exhaustive exercise-induced CK increment in the plasma. Additionally, spirulina supplementation and acute or chronic exercise changed antioxidant
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) was the first eating disorder to be classified, with some specific diagnostic criteria developed in the 1970s (Fairburn & Brownell, 2002). AN is a serious psychiatric disorder in terms of aetiology and epidemiology. 0.48% of prevalence of AN is estimated in girls who fall under the 15-19 age group (Lock et al., 2012). In AN, pathological thoughts and behaviours concerning food and weight, as well as emotions about appearance, eating and food co-occur (Lock et al., 2012). These
body. Oxidative damage in aerobic organisms can be caused by certain molecules known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). These reactive species are ones that cause oxidative damage in biomolecules. In order to maintain equilibrium of these substances, the human body has various endogenous antioxidants and phase 2 proteins which have evolved to defend against any harmful effects of ROS or any other reactive species. In normal physiological conditions, a balance is maintained between the ROS production
Oxidative stress High oxidative a stress is known to cause global cellular damage by creating reactive oxygen species (ROS) which causes damage to proteins, lipids and DNA (15, 82). Oxidative stress increases protein phosphorylation, causing changes to signaling pathways. For example, several phosphatases involved in cancer, apoptosis and aging are inactivated under conditions of high oxidative stress (26). ROS is a known contributor to several diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s
and temperature) and internal factors (for example, emotions, metabolism, and the presence of excess oxygen). Common antioxidants are Vitamins A, C, E, and beta carotene. These special chemicals assist in skin repair and the strengthening of blood vessels. Why do we need them? Antioxidants are necessary because they combat free radicals. Free radicals are byproducts that are formed when oxygen is used by the body (http://ificinfo.health.org/antidox.htm) . Free radicals start a chain reaction
You’re clearly familiar with antioxidants, but here we let you know about the mother of all antioxidants - one that is the key to avert malignancy, coronary illness, aging, neurological issues and so on. This antioxidant has been examined in extraordinary profundity yet the majority of us know nothing about it and numerous specialists have no clue how to address the epidemic of its deficiency in people. We are obviously discussing Glutathione (pronounced “gloota-thigh-own.”). This is a capable detoxifier
Oxygen was first admitted to the client with chest pain over 100 years ago (Metcalfe, 2011). Chest pain is a large bracket that can contain many different conditions, but for the purpose of this analysis it is focused manly upon a myocardial infarction. A myocardial infarction is mainly referred to as a heart attack, and occurs when one or more coronary arteries leading to the heart reduce or completely stop blood flow (Tuipulotu, 2013 ). Administering high concentrations of oxygen to patients with
Effects of drought stress on photosynthesis. Drought stress causes accumulation of reactive oxygen species by disturbing the balance between productions of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant defense which induces oxidative stress. During drought stress plants close stomata which decrease the CO2 influx. Besides reducing the carboxylation reduction in CO2 also directs more electrons to form reactive oxygen species. Under severe drought condition photosynthesis is limited by decrease in the activities
because they contain multiple double bonds in between which lie methylene bridges (-CH2-) that possess especially reactive hydrogens. As with any radical reaction, the reaction consists of three major steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. Initiation Initiation is the step in which a fatty acid radical is produced. The most notable initiators in living cells are reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as OH· and HO2, which combines with a hydrogen atom to make water and a fatty acid radical. Propagation
the tissues against phagocytosis, ROS, lytic enzymes, immune complexes, etc., whereas in the bloodstream capsule and slime layer prevent triboelectric charging, attraction and fixation on the surface of erythrocytes, oxidation and killing by the oxygen released from erythrocytes [33 ]. Sepsis causing bacteria produce hemolysins . Erythrocytes are the main bactericidal cells in the bloodstream and hemolysins are necessary for bacterial survival in the bloodstream. If the speed of bacterial growth
Free radicals are highly reactive atoms or polyatomic ions that have unpaired valence electrons. These unpaired electrons can bind to organic compounds, changing the structure of the substance (Halliwell, B.). In most cases, oxygen-free radicals (OFRs) and reactive oxygen species (ROSs) are byproducts of metabolism. OFRs originate from the metabolic process in mitochondria when oxygen molecules accept an extra electron (Raha, S. et al). While oxygen is necessary for respiration, OFRs can bind to
chemical generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (•OH) which attack most organic compounds. The necessity of UV light limits the broad use of solar light, resulting in the increased energy consumption and equipment requirements. Homogeneous photocatalysis is
5.2.3 Oxidation of Cooking Oil Lipid oxidation can be influenced by a several factors such as fatty acid composition, the abundant of oxygen concentration and the increasing of temperature which able to rise up the rate of oxidation. Lipids in edible oils are easily to autooxidise and photooxidise. In addition, the oxidation of oil also affects by oil processing, heat, light, transition
logically one of the main causes of death. In scientific terms this is called biological immortality. A cell or organism that does not age, or stops to age at some point, is biological immortal. Though this seems impossible there are in fact some species which naturally have this ability. An example of this is the Turritopsis nutricula, a jellyfish. Once the jellyfish has become mature it is capable of reversing its aging cycle and to turn itself into a younger version of itself, making it technically
Mitochondrial Complex I Exhibits Aberrant Hyperactivity in Diabetes, is to establish that an increase of the stimuli in the pancreatic mitochondrial Complex I leads to diabetes. Increasing the stimuli of Complex I, subsequently raises the levels of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Complex I, also known as NADH, is the first step of the respiratory electron transport chain which use protons to pump proteins creating most of the energy that helps power cells. This complex uses molecules to create
discuss how damaging can this compound be, in my next article. Pixabay The NADH produced by the reduction process of NAD+ can be utilised by NADH oxidase to produce a superoxide free radical. This is achieved by an electron transfer from the NADH to an oxygen molecule. It is fascinating, isn't it? The fact that a single reaction can cause so much damage to the body. Activation of polyol pathway not only will hinder the capacity of our body to prevent oxidative damage, but it will also increase the insulting
creates a dynamic relationship between the organisms and the light that they absorb. Although light is required to drive photosynthesis, the photosynthetic machinery can only tolerate so much of it. Excess light may lead to the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates resulting in oxidative damage to the photosynthetic apparatus (Niyogi, 1999). Therefore it is necessary for organisms such as the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to employ photoprotective mechanisms in order to maintain photosynthetic
dependent on the energy, in other word the wavelength of the photon. Visible and ultraviolet portion of the light is required to start the photochemical reactions. The absorption can generate dissociation, internal rearrangement, flourescence, or excited species. Photochemical smog can occur in any environment where there are large and continuous emissions of primary air pollutants. However specifics of climate and geography play an important role in the persistence and severity of the photochemical smog
Thalidomide Introduction The calamity of thalidomide is one of the worst disasters in pharmaceutical history. During a post-war era, when people were commonly experiencing insomnia, there was high demand for sedatives like thalidomide. The drug was retailed as a sleeping pill that you could never overdose on. It was even considered safe enough for pregnant women. It helped them with morning sickness. It was “the only non-barbiturate sedative known at the time” (Fintel et al.) which gave the drug