Toxic Effects of Aluminum and Their Probable Association with Dialysis Encephalopathy
Reports on the neurotoxic properties of Aluminum (Al++), as well as those of many other heavy metals, date as far back as the end of the nineteenth century. In 1965, Al was found to induce the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in animal brains. These NFT’s were similar to those found in brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Vast research thus, was targeted at defining the possible etiologic role of Al in AD. However, several findings, among them the fact that Al++ induced NFT’s are structurally different than those found in AD, have contributed to reducing the importance placed on Al++ as an etiologic factor of AD. The Al++ theory, however, still remains a theory, and further research needs to be done before it can be disproved.
In 1970, Alfrey and collaborators described a disease called dialysis encephalopathy (DE). This degenerative disease was seen in renal failure patients who had been undergoing dialysis. Studies following this initial report have implicated Al++ intoxication as a probable cause for the development of the disease. The purpose of this paper will be to describe the possible mechanisms by which Al may in fact act as a contributory factor the in induction of neural degeneration that may lead to DE.
The neurological problems associated with chronic renal failure and its consequent treatment, namely hemodialysis, can be either acute or chronic. When acute, the patient develops a set of symptoms collectively referred to as dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS). This syndrome presents with a transient loss or alteration of the sense of equilibrium due to disturbances to the vestibular sy...
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In chapter 8 titled "Radium (Ra)" of The Poisoner's Handbook by Deborah Blum, the most interesting story developed within this chapter was the death of dial workers at Orange, New Jersey after been exposed to radium every day. It was interesting due to the fact that radium was used everywhere in the community and was never thought it could harm anyone. Radium was a super element that was used everywhere, but its continuous use unmasked its fatal habits. As it was stated in the text, "Radiant health, the ads proclaimed-beautiful skin, endless vigor, and eternal health—ingesting radium seemed the next best thing to drinking sunlight." (Blum 179). People were accepting radium as a natural gold element but they haven't realized constant contact
Mankiw and Swagel (2006) argue outsourcing is not as large a phenomenon as the media describes. Their research indicates outsourcing accounts for very little of job loss in the United States, nor has it made a distinct contribution to the slow rebound of the labor market. They go on to propose that increased overseas employment has actually contributed to higher employment in parent United States companies. They reported that while 30,000 jobs were lost per month in 2004, two million job changes per month were happening as well. They reference the Bureau of Labor Statistics when they report that in 2015 there are expected to be 3.4 million jobs outsourced, but 160 million jobs gained here in the United States. They also claim that there is a rise in net US income by 12-14 cents per dollar of outso...
In vitro: Edrophonium inhibited AChE activity in human red blood cells, purified calf forebrain, and purified octopus brain with Ki values of 0.2, 0.2, and 0.4 µM, respectively. The IC50s were 0.2, 0.05, and 0.5 µM, respectively [1].
Both sides can agree that outsourcing can be desirable for a business do to the potential profit. It allows goods to be made cheaper, management to run smoother, and money to be made faster (Salanţă 270). Both sides can also agree, however, that U.S. jobs are lost as a result of outsourcing (Ahmed 192), as well as environmental damage being cause due to corporations taking advantage of loose environmental regulations (Marquis 39). Upon digging deeper into this debate, one can find that both sides present very convincing arguments.
Opposed to widespread belief of outsourcing threatening the labor of United States economy it has been seen that businesses have been able to extract a multitude of benefits through the outsourcing which has in turn created a number of employment opportunities along with it. When the stock market plummeted; companies began to discharge distress signals and corporations commenced labor cutbacks, as a result of which unemployment began to increase greatly. In times when the recession was reaching its peak, the only alternative was to look for cheap labor and ou...
In the past, races were identified by the imposition of discrete boundaries upon continuous and often discordant biological variation. The concept of race is therefore a historical construct and not one that provides either valid classification or an explanatory process. Popular everyday awareness of race is transmitted from generation to generation through cultural learning. Attributing race to an individual or a population amounts to applying a social and cultural label that lacks scientific consensus and supporting data. While anthropologists continue to study how and why humans vary biologically, it is apparent that human populations differ from one another much less than do populations in other species because we use our cultural, rather than our physical differences to aid us in adapting to various environments.
Frankenstein begins aboard a boat with a stranger named Victor Frankenstein telling his story to man named Walton. After the death of Victor’s mother, Victor goes to a university where he secretly learns the secret to making new life. He creates a new creature, but he is horrified by its appearance. The monster runs away. Victor finds out his brother was murdered and believes his monster is responsible. Later, Victor encounters his monster. The monster tells Victor his story. He tells how humans run from him in fear and how he became attached to a human family that he secretly watched, but the family rejected him. He tells how he decided to get revenge on the human race and Frankenstein’s family, so he killed Victor’s brother. He then asks Victor to make him a mate so that he is not lonely, and Victor agrees. When Victor decides he cannot make another creature, the monster kills a friend of Victor and kills Victor’s wife on his wedding day. Victor devotes the rest of his life to trying to kill the monster. The reader finds out that Victor dies aboard the ship, and Walton finds the monster crying over Victor. The monster says he too is ready to die now and leaves.
Alzheimer’s disease got its name from the German doctor, Dr. Alois Alzheimer. In 1906, he noticed that there were abnormal clumps and bundles of fibers i...
...le companion, and it tells Frankenstein, “I shall be with you on your wedding night” (158). The monster tells Victor this before the wedding as a warning. Unfortunately, the monster shows up on Frankenstein’s wedding night and kills his wife. After this last foul action, the creature does not try to acclimate with mankind.
Race is often used as a predictor for a person’s likelihood to get a disease and the effectiveness of medical treatments. The prevalence of certain diseases is different among populations. There are now opportunities for scientists and physicians to tailor medication to specific groups based on specific genetic variants revealed by genetic tests. This new genomic information is being interpreted based on social labels such as ‘race’ and ‘ethnicity.’ Using race as a determinant of a person’s likelihood to get a disease and as a way to create ‘racialized drugs,’ that are designed for people of a certain race, has some benefits but can be potentially harmful. Some groups are more likely to develop certain diseases than others but a person’s risk for common diseases is determined by an unknown pattern of genetic variants, environmental factors, lifestyle characteristics and some random processes (Rotimi, 2004).
Scientists know that Alzheimer disease is characterized by a gradual spread of sticky plaques and clumps of tangled fibers that disrupt the organization of nerve cells in the brain. However , a definite cause, prevention, or cause has not been found.
Outsourcing jobs does lower the price of products but jobs should stay here in the US to build our economy and give American’s their jobs back, after all the information and facts that have been included I hope you can make the correct decision and do your part to bring jobs home to America.
Biological advancements such as Darwinism and Mendelian genetics had a profound impact on the study of race in the scientific community. These new concepts eventually led some scientists to question the validity of traditional notions about race. The resulting debates continue even today. The idea of race, especially in citizens of this country, evokes strong feelings because of the enormous social implications associated with racial identity. The social connotations of racial categories have had a profound influence on the way scientists understand human variation. Early ideas of race were colored by these connotations, and they still play a critical role in the way we understand race today. This paper will explore, with an emphasis on historical context, the current debates over whether to continue to inlude race in scientific, and especially medical, studies.
As Burns and Grove (2001) & Polit and Hungler (1997) as cited in Ingham-Broomfield (2008 p.104) mentioned that the primary purpose of the literature review is to discuss what is known, gain broad background and understanding of the available information related to the study. As Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan (2007) stated that literature review should also help to identify any gaps in the literature relating to the problem and suggest how those gaps might be filled. The authors of this article has not provided any review of literature and this could misinform the reader what the main focus of the study; however, several appropriate references were used in the background. The terms used in the key concepts are adequately defined and consistent with the topic. The background of the study introduces the previous knowledge or what is already known which is to investigate the effectiveness of an ATP designed to help ESRD patients to cope with stressors while receiving haemodialysis treatment.
“Since the human genome has been mapped, debates within the scientific community about race have intensified. When you look at the human genome, you cannot find race…” (Freeman). Biological evidence suggests there are genetic codes for everything from eye and hair color to how tall someone will grow. Those genetic codes are based on inheritance and where family history has brought them. According to scientists there are no genetic codes that group humans into specific racial categories. According to the Department of Epidemiology and public health, “There is more genetic variation within than between races, and the genes responsible for morphological features such as skin color (which are the basis of racial groupings) are few.” (Senor, 327). It has been seen in numerous studies that genetically someone who identifies with the African- American race, has the potential to carry the same genetic markers as someone of the Caucasian race, or any other racial grouping. If race is not verifiable by scientific or biological means, then it’s origin must be from another