Starch is the major source of carbohydrates and the great reserves of polysaccharide existing in different plants. Starch mainly consists of two microstructural components linear amylose (20–30%) and branched amylopectin (70–80%). The amylose is essentially a linear polymer composed of α -1,4-linked glucose units, with the molecular weight of about106. The amylopectin, is a highly branched molecule that consists of short α -1,4 chains linked by α -1,6 bonds, with molecular weight of about 1010 [1]. The starch occurs as a semi-crystalline microscopic granule and has a semi-crystalline structure with crystallinity in the range of 15–45% [2]. The short-chain fraction of amylopectin is responsible for the semi-crystalline structure of starch, which are organized as double helices packed in nanocrystallites. A starch is an abundantly available natural biopolymer and has been widely used as the most important ingredients in many industries viz., food, medicine, textile and chemical industries [3] because of its low cost, biodegradability and biocompatibility. The biodegradable films and edible coatings from starch find many applications in food industries [4]. Starch has been widely used as an excipient in preparation of pharmaceutical tablets [5]. Recently, use of starch was reported in many advanced applications as biodegradable starch microspheres in controlled release systems for tissue engineering [6], as a drug delivery carrier [7], and source of carbon in lithium ion battery [8]. Starch nanoparticles are expected to play major role in many engineering applications because of the significantly different and unique properties in comparison to its bulk counterpart.
In recent times lots of efforts have been made for the preparation...
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...h smaller crystallites during the wet milling process.
Fig. 8.
4. Conclusions
In the present work starch nanoparticles were successfully prepared by high speed wet stirred media milling method. The effects of solid mass fraction and milling time on particle size were evaluated. The prepared starch nanoparticles exhibited a great degree of stability without the use of any chemical stabilizes. The morphological features of prepared starch nanoparticles were highly dependent on processing time as revealed by FEG-SEM and TEM investigation. The study of structural changes by XRD revealed that crystallinity of starch nanoparticles decreases by prolonged milling. The proposed method can be used for large scale preparation of starch nanoparticles with high yield of SNPs in shorter time. It is highly effective, low cost and can prepare highly dispersed starch nanoparticle.
In the short story “Star Food” by Ethan Canin, Dade is a young teenage boy who works at his father’s grocery store, and from time to time tends to slack off. Dade enjoys relaxing on the roof of the store to observe the clouds, amid dreaming in regards for the life ahead of him, which is what his mother determines is key for him and his future. His father furthermore, believes that Dade should increase the amount of help he provides in the store so that he may one day own the family business. While engaged in his work at the store Dade encounters a woman who steals a loaf of rye bread right before his eyes, but Dade does not do anything; he just stands there, allowing her to shoplift, due to the fact that he has something else on his mind. Dade
In the short story “Star Food” by Ethan Canin, Dade is a sensitive teenager that does not know what direction his life should take. His father is a hardworking man who worries that Dade will not turn out to be like him in his work ethic and overall success. While his mother encourages him to keep being himself and thinks he will change into the person that he is supposed to be. Suddenly Dade is left conflicted when he lets the mysterious women steal from their store, and begins to struggle because of his indecisiveness and self-reflection on his life choices. Ultimately Dade lets the women go because he felt a connection with her struggles.
Thermal methods of analysis have been in use for quite a long time. Their application in the analysis of pharmaceutical materials has made it possible for pharmacists and researchers to understand their contents and characteristics. However, thermal methods have several disadvantages that have led researchers to opt for nano-thermal methods of analysis. Nano-thermal analysis methods use special resolution imaging potential that is enhanced by the availability of atomic force microscopy and thermal analysis methods.
Makadia HK. & Siegel SJ., 2011. Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier. Polymers, 3, 1377-1397
called an active site. This active site is made by a few of the amino
How Amylase Concentration Affects the Rate of the Starch Concentration In this piece of coursework, I have to carry out an investigation to find out how amylase concentration affects the rate of starch. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the chemical reaction that goes on inside living things. An enzyme acts on substrate and may do its job inside or outside the cells. However, the rate at which enzymes work are affected by the following factors/variables: Concentration:
Starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin are all examples of polysaccharides. According to the BIO 1510 Lab Manual (2016) polysaccharides are not very soluble in water but can be made to go into solution through heating or agitation. Polysaccharides are excellent energy storage molecules because they are easily built and broken down by enzymes. Forming fairly compact structures, polysaccharides allow energy storage without the space required by a pool of free glucose monomers. Other polysaccharides form strong fibers that provide protection and structural support in both plants and animals. (Carbohydrates.” Home,
The Structure and Function of Carbohydrates Large biological molecules are called macromolecules, there are giant molecules (polymers) made up of repeating units (monomers). Carbohydrates are one of the main classes of biological molecules. Macromolecule units (monomers) are joined together by condensation reactions and hydrolysis reactions split macromolecules down into their individual units. Carbohydrates are molecules that contain elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates have a 2:1 hydrogen to oxygen ratio, there are twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms (the same proportion as in water).
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is among the most widely consumed important staple food worldwide especially in Asia. Rice flour (starch) is one of the primary and major ingredients of various food products. Starch is the major carbohydrate of rice flour. Rice starch consists of two major polysaccharides such as amylose (20-30%) and amylopectin (70-80%).Starch physical and chemical properties with unique functionalities are due to these polysaccharide(Slattery, Kavakli, & Okita, 2000). Amylose is primarily linear molecule with comprises α-1, 4 linked glucose chains and amylopectin is branched which is linearly linked by α-1, 4 linked glucose and α-1, 6 branch linkages. Changes in physico-chemical properties are due to difference in length, degree of branching of these polysaccharides.
Investigating the Rate of Reaction between Amylase and Starch. Plan Aim: To be able to The aim of this investigation is to find out whether the volume of amylase affects the rate of reaction between amylase and starch. Prediction: I predict that the greater the volume of amylase then the faster the rate of reaction between the starch and amylase. I predict this because of the lock and key hypothesis.
Investigating the Effect of Enzyme Concentration on the Hydrolysis of Starch with Amylase Aim: Investigate the effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction. Using amylase and starch as my example. Introduction: I am investigating the effect of the concentration of the enzyme, amylase on the time taken for the enzyme to fully breakdown the substrate, starch to a sugar solution. The varied variable will be the concentration and all other variables are going to be fixed. The different concentrations will be: 0.5% 0.75% 1.0% 1.5% 2% An enzyme is a class of protein, which acts as a biological catalyst to speed up the rate of reaction with its substrates.
Nanoparticles are at the best side of the quickly progressing area of nanotechnology. The potential for Nanoparticles in cancer malignancy treatments and pharmaceutical shipping are endless with novel new programs consistently being investigated. Multi-purpose Nanoparticles play a very important part in cancer malignancy treatments and pharmaceutical shipping. The papers best parts the newest success and progression in cancer malignancy treatments and pharmaceutical shipping. Cancer has a physical obstacle like common endothelial pores, heterogeneous framework, heterogeneous movement etc. For treatments to be effective, it is very important to get over these restrictions. Nanoparticles have attracted the attention of professionals because of their versatile individuality. The treatments of cancer malignancy using focused or focused pharmaceutical shipping. Various Nanodevices can be used without any side effects. They mainly include Dendrimers, quantum dots (QDs), cantilevers, Nanotubes, Nanopores, Nanoshells and Eco-friendly Hydrogels.
I blanked it with 2 cm³ water, 1 cm³ amylase and 3 drops of iodine.
and a fall in temperature will slow them down. In many cases a rise in
Nanotechnology has found many potential applications in the area of functional foods by engineering biological molecules toward functions very different from those they have in nature, opening up a whole new area of research and development.