Sox17 SRY gene The SRY-box containing gene 17 (Sox17) was discovered less than a decade ago as a member of the high mobility group (HMG) transcription factor super family. (Zhang et al., 2008) Sox genes are known by a DNA sequence encoding an almost 80 amino acid domain that is responsible for sequence specific DNA binding. Within the Sox family, there are at least 30 members that are expressed in different tissues, cell types, and stages within development. There are seven groups of Sox genes that are classified on their amino acid sequence and genomic structure. Sox17, Sox7, and Sox18 are in the Sox group F. Genes are grouped into this family if they contain HMG domain levels with strong amino acid similarities to the HMG domain of SRY. The SoxF subgroup has a critical role in the differentiation of different cell types, which includes visceral and definitive endoderm and hematopoietic cells. The SoxF subgroup is needed for proper cardiovascular development. Sox17, Sox7, and Sox18 are expressed in endothelial cells during development. (Corada et al., 2013)
Sox Groups in Mouse and Human
SoxA: SRY
SoxB1: Sox1, Sox2, Sox3
SoxB2: Sox14, Sox21
SoxC Sox4, Sox11, Sox12
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The Wnts are secreted glycoproteins that makes a large family of nineteen proteins in humans hinting to a daunting complexity of signaling regulation, function and biological functions. To date major signaling branches downstream of the Fz receptor have been identified including a canonical or Wnt/β-catenin dependent pathway and the non-canonical or β-catenin-independent pathway which can be further divided into the Planar Cell Polarity and the Wnt/Ca2+ pathways, and these branches are being actively dissected at the molecular and biochemical levels. (Komiya & Habas,
The PBS documentary “Nova – Cracking Your Genetic Code” tells about the genome sequencing technology: its current possibilities, advantages, disadvantages and future potential. The system became cheaper, faster and more available since the first human genome was fully sequenced in 2000. Modern companies use the technology to provide clients with the information about their genes and impacts they can have on owners’ health. Hospitals can provide more accurate diagnosis and personalized treatments with the aid of the genome sequencing. The video shows several examples of these benefits. But it mentions concerns about the quality of services, risks of exaggerated
Miller, K. R., & Levine, J. S. (2010). Miller & Levine biology. Boston, Mass.: Pearson.
The book A Separate Peace follows the lives of two boys going to an all boys prep school called Devon. The few similarities they did have were their codependency on each other, and even though Gene wasn’t the best at sports they both enjoyed sports. They could not have been better friends, but had vast differences including how they were raised, they excelled in different things, and they act differently. Because of their many differences their friendship changes throughout the story.
If I were to look at my family through the lenses of Bowen’s family system theory mentioned in The Genogram Journey: Reconnecting with your Family by Monica McGoldrick, most of the time we would not follow the listed “norms.” Mike is the oldest and Bowen suggests that he should be serious, the leader, and ambitious. Mike is none of these attributes. Mike is the smartest of the siblings. On the science portion of the ACT, he made a 32. The quality Mike is missing tends to fall towards self-motivation. He has worked in multiple fast food careers but ends up quitting when the job gets difficult. His mother, Christine, tends to bend to his every need while our father does not talk to him about adult responsibilities.
Thought to be an oncogene, a gene that has potential in transforming normal cells into tumor cells, p53 was regarded as the most prominent tumor suppressor gene [1]. P53 is a gene which signals apoptosis (programmed cell death) if a cell cannot be repaired due to an extensive amount of damage. As stated in the textbook, p53 regulation occurs by an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase known as MDM2 [1]. "Controlling the controller" is a statement that describes the molecular interaction where the presence of MDM2 targets the p53 for proteosome via degradation. With three main checkpoints in cell cycle, the literature states p53 functioning from G1 into S phase in a chaotic cell [2]. The normal state of cells is to keep p53 levels low in order to prevent uncontrolled apoptosis and random cell cycle arrest from occurring. In a further note, although p53 promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, cancer may result from p53 unable to recognize the problematic site. In turn, a mutation in p53 may result engaging in new activities. These activities include cellular transformation, tumor metastasis,...
In today’s College in America there is a debate rather institutions should use the grade scale or pass-fail scale to determine the success of a student. I believe that Institutions in America should use the grade scale rather than the pass-fail scale. A grade scale gives the student an accurate percentage no matter if they passed or fail but with the pass-fail scale it just gives you the letter grade rather than the actual percentage grade.
Miller, K. R., & Levine, J. S. (2010). Miller & Levine biology. Boston, Mass: Pearson
1.) According to Wilson, why it is problematic to try to create a “correct” genetic text?
Interview & Reflection I have interviewed my Father through email over a week period, he was very helpful to me and even knew the answers to the questions I had on my Mother side of the family. I felt he was the best to interview as he is one of the smartest people I know. Of course I talked to him in our native language (Arabic) even though his English was perfect, but I wanted him to feel more comfortable when answering, so I translated everything to English. Below is a list of the questions I asked him and his replies: (Answers are bolded). The first question I have is, why is it that I feel that our family is much bigger than the regular western family?
“The highest rated science program on TV called NOVA made a documentary surrounding genomic testing called, Cracking Your Genetic Code (NOVA, 2008).” This documentary demonstrated and described different techniques of what is genetic testing, how genetic testing is performed, and all the individuals whom benefit from these special DNA techniques. What is DNA? “DNA is material that governs inheritance of eye color, hair color and many other human and animal traits (Riley, 2005).” DNA is developed from the pairing of genes from a female and male gametes (Health & Prenancy, 2012). These gametes fuse together during mitosis and meiosis, getting 23 chromosomes from each parent, in order, to develop an embryo. In this embryo is DNA. DNA is made of 4 different amino acids, in which, are the building blocks for DNA and they are A, T, G, & C. These building blocks have base pairing in a series of sequences and this sequence is what makes up genes. Genes are codes that can read in this sequence to determine what kind of traits offspring is going to have. Through genes DNA testing can be perform to find mistakes. In this documentary, many different genetic testing were performed and some may agree that this can be very controversy because some people will rather not know certain things unless there are signs or symptoms. However, others find this DNA testing as an advantage and knowing this information can prepare them for the “what if” factor. In my research, I will be discussing what genetic testing is, what it provides, what the benefits are, the risks, and what companies provide genomic testing.
You may think that you have full control over your body, the way you may look, how you dress, and even how you do your own makeup. You have control over your hair color, how much knowledge you have, and even how strong you can be, but could you imagine having control over how tall you would like to be, the color of your eyes, and potentially the color of your very skin? Can you imagine altering EVERY aspect of yourself, including the omission of disease? These are some of the questions that the USDE hoped to find solutions to through The Genome Project.
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome may be generated through various genetic mutations. As mentioned before, there are four genes that can cause this condition to be brought about in an individual. The most frequent mutation of these is the BRAF gene, because it is responsible for approximately 75 to 80 percent of each case of the syndrome. The two genes, MEK1 and MEK2, are very much alike and together are the result of 10 to 15 percent of ...
Researching my family genogram helped me explore the genealogy of my family and the traditions and medical and mental health patterns of behaviors that exist in my family.
The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort that has the goal of analyzing the sequence of human DNA and determining the location of all human genes. Begun in 1990, the U.S. Human Genome project was originally planned to last 15 years but now is projected to be complete in 13 years. This project was started to find the 80,000 - 100,000 human genes and to determine the sequence of the 3 - billion chemical bases that make up human DNA. The information generated by the human genome project is expected to be the source book for biomedical fields, including those such as developmental biology and neurobiology, where scientists are just beginning to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. The human genome project is expected to immensely benefit medical science. It will help us to understand and eventually treat many of the more than 4000 genetic diseases that afflict mankind, as well as the many multifunctional diseases in which genetic predisposition plays an important role. New technologies emanating from the genome project will also find application in other fields such as agriculture and the environmental sciences.
DNA sequencing is a way of identifying genes based on their DNA sequences. It is important when comparing base sequences of different organisms to determine the relationship between them. Polymerase chain reaction its the process of making several copies of DNA. When picking a sequence of DNA to copy, it is important to choose something universal that way the sequences can be accurately compared. A good choice is the Cytochrome Oxidase Gene found in the mitochondria. It is found in almost all living organisms because COI helps make ATP and living things need energy to live. The sequencing of COI can lead to major leaps in biotechnology in the area of identifying unknown species on a regular and consistent basis.