1. Introduction
Shoreline dating is the method of using the correlation between sea levels from the past to place constraints on the dates of rock art in coastal environments. We show that by using various methods to map paleoshorelines in Scandinavia we can determine an absolute upper limit for some rock art sites whereas in others it is not applicable and other methods must be used. By assuming rock art was created on the shoreline in conjunction with style comparisons to other sites we can place relative dates on some sites.
2. The focus on shorelines – why they are important
It has been suggested (Erlandson, 2001; Bailey and Milner, 2002) that a greater focus on coastlines and the human dependence on marine resources in the past would
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Problems with shoreline dating
Shoreline dating has two major issues, geological constraints and the assumption that rock art was created on the shoreline, and if so how long after its emergence from the water. The latter is hard to constrain but using archaeological techniques we can reduce the uncertainty, however the former is directly supported by the resolution level of detail of current geophysical and dating methods.
A detailed study of the geological history, settings and effects on shoreline dating methods is beyond the scope of this paper however the importance of this must not be overlooked. A brief summary of the geological constraints is as follows. The reliance on C14 dating and the levels of certainty surrounding the resulting dates are well known and will not be elaborated upon. The effect of this is the precision of the data within the timescale of human development in
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However there are a few issues with the precision of the data. As shown in Figure 1. the resolution of the data is fairly coarse and lack of data is an issue as many curves rely on only a few dates, this issue is compounded by large areas of Scandinavian coastline for which no relevant data exists. Some work has been done with computer models to account for this however the acquisition of more dates would help limit the error propagated by the small datasets. Figure 1. Shoreline displacement curves from southern Norway in the vicinity of Borre. Solid lines indicate shoreline displacement curves based on calibrated radiocarbon ages, while dashed lines are based on uncalibrated radiocarbon ages. In the period of the utilisation of Borre between 600 and 1000 AD (Østigård and Gansum, 2009), the local sea-level there was about 3.5-5 m higher than today. For comparison the global sea-level curve for the last 6000 years indicates only a small contribution to the local sea-level change at Borre. Taken directly from (Draganits et al., 2015)
Beach
See Location Map of the coastline being studied from Herne Bay to Reculver.
The shelf-edge includes carbonate-to-clastic facies transition and tectonic uplift and erosion of the carbonates followed by deposition of the clastics. The Saint Peter Sandstone is a well-sorted, almost pure quartz arenite deposited during a major mid-Ordovician low stand. Clastics spread across an exposed carbonate platform by transportation. This is shown by the well-rounded, frosted texture of the quartz grains.
...ts were labelled with the upper case letters which represented the material types and a numeric letter. The artifacts were placed in different boxes. The artifact analysis was then conducted and the characteristics such as tool type and material type of each artifact were recorded on the artifact catalog forms. The material samples of lithic tools, faunal remains, and ceramics remains were compare with existing artifacts to identify their material type. The Vernier scale was used for the measurements of each lithic tools.
Investigating if Dawlish Warren is Under Threat of Human Impact My investigation aims to find out if Dawlish Warren is threaten by human impacts and marine processes and are these affecting the ecological and economical value of Dawlish Warren. I will put to test Butlers Model and see if it applies to Dawlish Warren. I will also look at the other side of the argument and see the effect of management in Dawlish Warren and look at the sea defences which have been put in place to prevent erosion and longshore drift from occurring and also protecting the Railway line.
Case Study of Hastings Coastal Management Hastings is a town on the south coast of England approximately 60 miles south of London (see map below). In recent years, the coastline at Hastings has had to face many large scale problems, including the 10 km stretch from Hastings eastwards to the small town of Fairlight. With the coastline at constant exposure to the English Channel, there are many coastal processes which take place along the stretch of beach and cliff. [IMAGE][IMAGE] [IMAGE][IMAGE] Longshore Drift [IMAGE] Fetch [IMAGE]The map on the left illustrates the location of Hastings and also the area of the coastline which is being discussed in this case study.
...ncyclopedia of Archaeology, Ed. Deborah M. Pearsall. Vol. 3. Oxford, United Kingdom: Academic Press, 2008. p1896-1905. New Britain: Elsevier, Inc.
... consider some ideas of what can be done to further enhance the management of the coastal issue. Using the research action plan, I aim to acquire a sophisticated understanding of longshore drift, coastal management and implementations of coastal issues, through the research action plan. Most importantly, I will include various diagrams explaining how the process of longshore drift occurs and what implementations it has on coastal environments, accompanied by an explanation of how the issue is being managed, a detailed outline of the geographical processes involved and a discussion of the impacts of the issue and why it is important.
Palaeogeography deals with the reconstruction of physical geographical conditions for the eras of the Earth's history. The term comes from the Greek παλαιός (palaiós) meaning ‘old’ and γεωγραφία (geōgraphía) meaning ‘a description of the earth’ and seems to have been introduced in the Earth sciences vocabulary as ‘Palaeo-Geographie’ by Ami Boué (1794‒1881), a French‒Austrian geologist, in his publication Einiges zur palaeo-geologischen Geographie (Boué, 1875, p. 2). Palaeogeography focuses on the distribution of land and sea, the spread of mountains and volcanoes and the expansion of glaciations, among others. The results are presented in geographic depictions called palaeogeographic maps. A special kind of palaeogeograpahical map is palaeobiogeographical maps depicting the distribution of
These sandstones and siltstones were buried, joint then overlapped and uplifted during a period of mountain constructing about 500 million years ago. For the next 200 million years, this ancient mountain range was eroded down to form low hills. Hallett Cove remained at sea level until about three million years ago when down faulting submerged the area. A thin layer of white fossiliferous sandstone was deposited in the warm shallow sea, covering the ancient glacial sediments. Soon after this the uplift of the Mount Lofty Ranges increased, and the Hallett Cove region was uplifted above sea level to be exposed as land.
...l between 40,000 and 80,000 years old Anthropologists date modern human fossils from the same area at between 92,000 and
Semaphore is a classic Adelaide beach supporting many facilities. However, this would not be the case if coastal management was not put into progress. Coastal management is a way of supporting the world’s coasts, by using many techniques from construction of structures in which prevents wave energy from reaching the shore to planned strategies. Factors of this includes; rising sea levels, erosion, long and short term drift, sand movement and marine biology. The importance of coastal management is quite significant as it will help to prevent coastal erosion. In addition to this, without coastal management the world will be affect economically, environmentally as well as socially. Without the strategies involving the management of the coast,
Surfers, swimmers and sunbathers use beaches for recreation. People fish off beaches for food. Since many people take their vacations at the beach, lots of beaches in tropical locations are important to their country’s economy. Entire cities, regions and countries depend on the money tourists spend while visiting the beach. Beaches are naturally very dynamic places, but people try to control them and build permanent structures, such as houses, restaurants, shops and hotels, on or near the shore. The natural erosion and deposition of beaches becomes a problem. Beaches con disappear over time, or even over night during severe storms. Beaches are areas of loose sediment (sand, gravel, cobbles) controlled by ocean processes. Most beaches have several characteristic features. First are offshore bars, which help protect beaches from erosion. Next is the foreshore, which rises from the water toward the crest of the next feature; a berm. On low-lying shores, dunes form behind beaches. Dunes look like rolling hills of sand and are blown into place by the wind. New, smaller dunes are often changing shape as the wind continues to affect them. Waves and currents move the accumulated sediment constantly creating, eroding and changing the coastlines.
We will use this way to collect beach profile because it is the easiest way to find out what we need it is also done this way because it is more accurate and more reliable the more times we do it but eventually it will stop as we only go 50 metres at a time.
The ocean can serve man purposes things for many different people; as a school, a home, a park...
Beach, a stretch of white - pebble sand, bathed by a strip of perpetually turquoise water