In Roman times St. Mary's Church was built with Twin Towers as part of the building. Originally the church was 3kms away from the sea but as the cliff was eroded it eventually became next to the see. There was a danger the cliff under the Twin Towers and therefore the Twin Towers themselves would be destroyed by erosion. To stop this happening many coastal defences and different types of management have been erected. The initial try at coastal management was in 1809. Wooden and ragstone blocks were place at the foot of the Twin Towers to protect them. The apron of rocks (revetment) sheltered the cliff foot and face. A small number of wooden groynes were also put on to the beaches on both sides of the Towers to preserve the shingle beach and therefore using the shingle beach as a defence. Then after the devastating floods in 1953, in which North Kent was badly affected, a lot of building of hard defences to minimise the risk of more floods and the damage that is associated with them. A straight concrete sea wall from Reculver to Minnis Bay near Margate, 4.5 kms long, was built. The sea wall protected the low-lying farmland and in addition to this the railway that links Ramsgate and London. A smaller recurved concrete sea wall was built west of the Towers to avert flooding at Reculver. Additional wooden groynes were sited on the beaches to delay longshore drift and maintain the shingle beaches, which itself is a defence. In the 1960s the houses at Bishopstone Glen were in danger of being destroyed because the soft clay and sandstone cliffs underneath them were so unstable. As a result another sea wall was built, this time underne... ... middle of paper ... ... Site 1 Grid Reference: 211690 Types of Management: - Recurved Sea Wall - Wooden groynes Site 2 Grid Reference: 205687 Types of Management: - Straight Sea Wall - Wooden groynes Site 3 Grid Reference: 201686 Types of Management: - Rip rap boulders Site 4 Grid Reference: 222693 Types of Management: - No management, all natural. Managed retreat. Site 5 Grid Reference: 228695 Types of Management: - Rip rap boulders - Rip rap rock groynes - Wooden groynes - Revetment Site 1 is near Herne Bay and the sites are along the coastline towards Reculver in a North East direction. Site 5 is situated on the beach below the Twin Towers at Reculver. See Location Map of the coastline being studied from Herne Bay to Reculver.
The Precambrian Shield Rocks found in the Brickworks was formed in an ancient sea more than 1.4 billion years ago. Over many years, the heat and pressure from plate tectonics slowly pushed the land into a mountain chain. During the Ordovician period (around 470- 448 million years ago), the mountain chains This layer of shale and limestone is called the Georgian Bay
coast (as shown in pictures 1 & 2). The area of sea is subject to the
Birling Gap has quite a lot of history to it, a long long time ago it
Semaphore is a classic Adelaide beach supporting many facilities. However, this would not be the case if coastal management was not put into progress. Coastal management is a way of supporting the world’s coasts, by using many techniques from construction of structures in which prevents wave energy from reaching the shore to planned strategies. Factors of this includes; rising sea levels, erosion, long and short term drift, sand movement and marine biology. The importance of coastal management is quite significant as it will help to prevent coastal erosion. In addition to this, without coastal management the world will be affect economically, environmentally as well as socially. Without the strategies involving the management of the coast,
We saw that there was vegetation, which had been planted on the sand dunes near Dunwich Heath. There is also fencing around the dunes to stop them being eroded through people walking on them. Coastal Protection At Aldeburgh Text Box: Fig 4.1Text Box: In Aldeburgh however, the types of protection involve 'hard' protection. These are man-made objects. At Aldeburgh, three hard protection methods have been employed, and one soft method.
Barrier Beaches stretch along the entire east coast of the United States. The barrier beaches from Long Island to Maine are known as Glaciated Coasts because their formation was assisted by glaciers. Eighteen thousands years ago a glacier covered most of the eastern US. This glacier terminated at present day Long Island. About fifteen thousands years ago the glacier began to retreat. As it melted it left behind mounds of rubble, called moraines. This particular glacier left behind two moraines because its final recession was a two part process. These two moraines are the Ronkonkoma Moraine and the Harbor Hill Moraine. The Ronkonkoma Moraine is located in central Long Island and the Harbor Hill Moraine is located on the northern part of Long Island. Besides the two moraines the glaciers deposited great amounts of debris offshore. This debris supplies the sand needed to create and maintain a barrier beach system (Hoel 16-18).
One would ruminate that 1100 men equipped with 30 pieces of artillery defending an un-finished fort would be no match for three thousand men and nine war ships armed with 270 cannons. Contrarily, on 28 June 1776 during the Revolutionary War, the American Forces proved a decisive victory against the British, and the signing of the Declaration of Independence was days later. The Patriots, under the leadership of Colonel William Moultrie, made a fort of the indigenous Sabal (cabbage) Palmetto Palm tree and took advantage of the British’s poor planning and lack of integration for a decisive American victory. Due to this battle, the Palmetto Palm tree was added to South Carolina’s state flag in 1861, and to this day, 28 June 1776 is termed South Carolina’s Independence Day. Sources used in this Battle Analysis are all from American internet sites, with some originating from South Carolina. The Sources seem to glorify the American Victory and favor the Patriots.
“Arracourt was the greatest tank battle of the war on the Allied Front.” This is how US Major General John S. Wood described the Battle of Arracourt, which took place in the last weeks of September 1944 in Northern France. The Allied Forces had landed in Normandy in June 1944, and by the summer had broken out of their beachhead. This started the great pursuit of the German forces across northern France towards the German border. By early fall of 1944, General George S. Patton’s Third Army had raced across France faster than anyone had envisioned and was in place to cross the Moselle River in the Lorraine area. Here his forces would face supply issues due to their speed of advance, increasing resistance from prepared German forces, and increasingly difficult weather. Patton’s first obstacle was the Moselle River and the fortress city of Metz. After crossing the Moselle with most of the Third Army by mid September, the US Third Army’s armored units were engaged in the largest tank battles of the Western Front at Arracourt. The next phase of the campaign was to reorganize and train. In early November, the Third Army attacked again and was able to capture Metz by late November, and reached the Sarre River and the West Wall. During the long Lorraine Campaign in late 1944, the US Third Army armored units were able to overcome stiff enemy resistance, superior quality vehicles, hard terrain, and difficult weather with the use of superior tactics, doctrine and leadership.
was useful for firing over the top as you could rest your gun on it.
This paper will attempt to do several things in regards to the Great Lakes Heritage Coast. First, the author will provide some background information pertinent to this issue. Secondly, a summary of the current status of the Great Lakes Heritage Coast as presented by the guest speaker. Furthermore, the author of this paper will provide a personal opinion in regards to the importance of a partnership with First Nations along the coast.
Everyone dreams of finding true love, let it be love at first sight, or the love you have to fight tooth and nail for. Love worth fighting for is hard to find, so people escape into different worlds, created by different people. In Highland Surrender by Tracy Brogan, readers can escape into the world of Fiona Sinclair and Myles Campbell, two young Scots living in the Scottish Highlands. Ever since Fiona was a young girl, she was raised to despise the Campbells because Cedric Campbell has been accused of murdering Fiona’s mother. When Fiona was born, she was betrothed to Myles Campbell, the son of Cedric Campbell, before a war broke out and the Sinclairs and Campbells were found on opposing sides. After the conflict, amends were never made,
The Battle of the Coral Sea was a very unique naval engagement, as well as the turning point in the Pacific Theatre. In the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese, under command of Admiral Takagi, attacked the Solomon Islands and Port Moresby, the port on the southeastern coast of New Guinea (Peter C. Chen). The American force, commanded by Vice Admiral Fletcher, were deployed to prevent this invasion. This battle was the first of its kind, as it was the first battle ever fought by all aircraft and with two forces who never knew exactly where their opponent was. This way of fighting was complemented by the bad weather, slow, clumsy ships, limited communication, but most of all the massive area upon which the battle was fought. The Battle of the Coral Sea greatly influenced the course of the Pacific Theatre (The Pacific Theatre). Although there was no clear winner of the battle, it was the first that the Americans didn’t lose, and after it the Japanese didn’t win another. It also led the Japanese to underestimate the power of the American navy in the Battle of Midway, which was a fatal error (Willmott, 230). The Battle of the Coral Sea was the first battle of a new era, in which the aircraft carrier controlled war at sea.
In the spring of 1942 the U.S. Navy and Japanese Imperial Fleet engaged in battle at sea on more than one occasion. The Battle of Coral Sea, however, was the first time that these too forces would engage one another at sea using only aircraft. This will be the first battle in history where ships from both sides would never see the other like most conventional naval battles; this one will be fought entirely by aircraft.
I would recommend this book to peers as it does cover those aspects we tend to stray away from in war. We covet our ideas for war planning and our advanced technology, but when it comes down to it war is very much the same, it just holds different devices to kill each other with. In many scenarios in “the Defence of Duffers Drift” the cold hard truth that every reader pries from the story is that following the lessons over and over made the commander win, but from my point of view I would almost call the commander incompetent, for one reason. It stated he had been no stranger to war and obviously understood the enemy and the surrounding area. If you had to fight a battle six times to fully understand it, most likely you would lose your first
The Tower of London is a 900-year-old castle and fortress (Jarus). William the Conqueror created the first fortifications after the conquest of London in A.D. 1066 (Jarus). The Tower of London is not just one large tower; it is made up of 13 structures on the inside of the fortress, and 6 structures on the outside (McGillick). The entire fortress stretches across 12 acres of land (Jarus). On the outside of the Tower of London there is a large ditch and palisade on the north and west sides of the fortress (McGillick). There are four large turrets at the corners of the fortress. The dome shape of the turrets made it a great place to have first royal observatory in one of them (McGillick).