There are many risk factors that put kids and others at danger for sexual violence. These factors include family instability, parental psychopathy, childhood neglect, physical abuse, lower social class, unemployment, parental alcohol and drug abuse, and poverty (Best). Some relationship risk factors are a family environment characterized by physical violence and conflict, emotionally unsupportive family environment, poor parent-child relationships, particularly with fathers, involvement in a violent or abusive intimate relationship (“Sexual Violence: Risk and Protective Factors”).
Sexual violence also affects men; although, there is little research and the study sizes are small. A reason the study sample sizes are small is because few male
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation defined forcible rape, for data collecting purposes, as “the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will” (Rosin). Localities began to rebel against that limited gender-bound definition (Rosin). In 2010 Chicago reported 86,767 cases of rape but used its own broader definition, so the Federal Bureau of Investigation left out the Chicago stats (Rosin). In 2012 the Federal Bureau of Investigation revised its definition and focused on penetration, with no mention of female or force (Rosin). The Center for Dieses Control invented a category of sexual violence called “being made to penetrate” (Rosin). This definition includes victims who were forced to penetrate some else with own body parts, either by physical force or coercion, or when the victim was drunk or high or otherwise unable to consent (Rosin). When the cases taken into account, the rate of nonconsensual sexual contact basically equalized, with 1.270 million women and 1.267 million men claiming to be victims of sexual violence …show more content…
Sexual Violence is a serious problem that can have lasting and harmful effects on victims, their families, friends and communities (“Violence Prevention”). The goal of sexual violence prevention is simple – to stop it from happening in the first place (“Violence Prevention”). In addition prevention efforts should ultimately decrease the number of individuals who perpetrate sexual violence and the number of individuals who are victims (“Violence Prevention”). Strategies that try to equip a potential victim with knowledge, awareness, or self-defense skills are referred to as “risk reduction techniques” (“Violence Prevention”). In addition strategies focused on potential perpetrator attempt to change risks and factors for sexual violence to reduce the likelihood that an individual will engage in sexually violent behavior (“Violence
One in 10 young Americans has committed an act of sexual violence (Freleng). Rape is a serious issue that negatively affects the victim and their family. Rape is when someone sexually touches another person without their consent. This most commonly happens to women but men
Sexual assault is the act of sexual intercourse without consent of the other person according to the New South Wales Consolidation Act of 1900 (Austlii 2011) and is also described by the Australian Standard Offence Classification as ‘non-consensual’ acts or intents of sexual nature (ASOC 2008, p. 31). It has become one of the most predominate crimes creating social harm in Australia. Social harm is defined as the negative influence through consequences impacting the individual on the living conditions of the surrounding public (Cain & Howe 2008, p. 26). Sexual assault poses a social threat to all aspects of the community, spreading insecurity in the 9000 victims across Australia and 1900 victims in NSW alone as indicated in the Australian Bureau of Statistics Crime Victimisation Report (ABS 2011, p. 40). This is supported by the victimization rate of all sexually assaulted victims between ages 10 to 14 being 4 times greater than all the other age groups (ABS 2010).
Eileraas, Karina. "Rape, Legal Definitions of." Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World. Ed. Mary Zeiss Stange, Carol K. Oyster, and Jane E. Sloan. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2011. 1205-09. SAGE Reference Online. Web. 4 Apr. 2012.
Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G., Lewis, I., & Smith, C. (1990). Sexual abuse in a national survey of
On the other hand, weaknesses presented in rape prevention programs detect a limited supply of change due to methodological and measurement issues. In conclusion, research has been usefully informed towards rape prevention and risk reduction strategies. Thus, portraying self-defence as a major prevention strategy towards victims of sexual assault.
Rape is non-consensual sexual intercourse that a male performs against a woman whom he is neither married to or cohabiting with. The definition of rape changes by geographic location. In some countries a woman must prove she is pure in order to find the perpetrator guilty. Rape used to be more of a violation to the man than to the women. It was a violation of the man’s rights if his wife or girlfriend was raped. When a woman is raped her devotion to her family is questioned. Rape is a violent act, an act of possession, not a sexual act. The myth that men who rape women are sexually pathological has begun to be dispelled and replaced with an understanding that rape is an act of anger, power and control rather than lust.
Family risk factors are those factors associated with the child’s family. They include common conflict and physical violence in the family, history of child sexual abuse in the family, poor child adults relationship especially those of the opposite sex and supportive family environment to such abuse. Community factors include poor neighborhoods, lack of support from the legal system, community tolerance towards sexual violence and high levels of crime in the neighborhood (Finkelhor et al,
Sexual assault is defined as any type of sexual contact or behavior that occurs without the explicit consent of the recipient. Falling under the definition of sexual assault are sexual activities as forced sexual intercourse, forcible sodomy, child molestation, incest, fondling, and In the United States 80% of sexual assault victims are under the age of 30. Of that 80%, 44% are under the age of 18 (RAINN, 2016). That leaves 36% of victims between the ages of 18 and 30. These percentages become even more alarming when that 80% is of about 293,000 victims of secual assualt each year (RAINN, 2016). It is estimated that 1 in every 6 women in the US has been or will be victims of sexual assault in their lifetime. The risks of sexual assault increase on college campuses. Women ages 18-24 who are enrolled in college are 3 times more likely than women in general to suffer from sexual violence (RAINN, 2016). One would think that with all these women being sexually assaulted, one would hear more about it, or perhaps the police stations would constantly be busy. This is not the case. Sexual assault is one of the most unreported crimes, with 68% still being left unreported (RAINN, 2016). This could be because of every 100 rapists, only 2 will spend a day in jail. Of the 32 out of 100 that would be reported, only 7 are referred to an arrest (RAINN, 2016). Why would men or women want to report sexual assault when the system that is supposed to protect them fails so often, and why does this system continue to fail?
Vladutiu, Catherine J., Sandra L. Martin, and Rebecca J. Macy. "College- or University- Based Sexual Assault Prevention Programs: A Review of Program Outcomes, Characteristics, and Recommendations." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. SAGE, n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. .
According to a statement addressing the sexual victimization of college women The Crime and Victimization in America states that, “ One out of four women will be sexually assaulted on a college campus.” This disturbing fact has not minimized throughout the years, instead it is continuing to worsen throughout college campuses. Sexual assault is not an act to be taken lightly. Society must stop pinpointing the individuals who commit these crimes one by one, but rather look at the problem as a whole and begin to understand the main cause of sexual assault and possible methods to reduce these acts of sexual coercion.
Prevalence of childhood exposure of domestic violence can be understood considering many different things such as the numbers of children exposed and their experiences, how exposure impacts children development, factors that increase risks or provide protection against the negative effects of exposure, and the types of interventions that can be implemented to mitigate deleterious effects (Osofsky, 2003). The two most widely cited two researchers Carlson and Straus developed estimates of childhood exposure to domestic violence. Based on studies of the number of households experiencing domestic violence each year, Carlson found that at least 3.3 million children yearly are at risk of exposure to parental violence (Herrenkohl, Sousa, Tajima, Herremkohl & Moylan, 2008; Edleson et al., 2007). Straus estimated an even higher level of exposure using retrospective accounts by adults in their teenage years. Stratus estimated that 10 million American teenagers were expose...
Psychological violence is a mental and emotional aspect of violence that affects the way individuals think. These psychological violent acts within an intimate relationship can incorporate expressive hostility such as verbal abuse, or embarrassment, and coercive control such as restricting access to transportation, cash, companions, and family. Further psychological violence could include intemperate checking of whereabouts with threatened dangers of physical or sexual violence, and control of reproductive or sexual wellbeing by refusal to utilize anti-conception medication, and pressured pregnancy termination. Sexual violence in intimate relationships, however, consists of rape, and unwanted sexual contact. According to authors Wandera, Kwagala, Ndugga, and Kabagenyi, sexual violent acts lead to reproductive health outcomes such as “heightened risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections, gynecological and sexual disorders, pregnancy complications, miscarriages and low birth weight” (2015).
As a human trait, the sense of control is often at the forefront of violence. This sense of control can also be used to explain child sexual abuse and particularly why father-daughter incest is higher than mother-son incest. Male dominance in society is proven to be a factor influencing child sexual
There are many risk factors that can play a role in what causes a child or adolescent to become violent besides exposure to violent movies and video games. The individual risk factors are having a history of being a victim to violence, having attention deficits or other learning disabilities, history of aggressive behaviors, participation and use of drugs and alcohol, having an intellectual disability, emotional problems, exposure to family violence (Youth Violence: Risk and Protective Factors, 2017). The risk factors that involves the family aspect and a child/adolescent to be more prone to aggressive behaviors are having parents who take on a more authoritarian parenting style, little to no parental involvement, harsh discipline taken out on them, parental education level and economic background are just a few risk factors that pertain to the individual and their family (Youth Violence: Risk and Protective Factors, 2017). There are many risk factors that
Rape, or forcible sexual intercourse without consent from both parties, may involve physical violence, threats, and verbal abuse to intimidate and violate one person's body. Rape is considered a federal offense in the Western world. A perpetrator committed in the act of forcible intercourse is known as a rapist. According to the American Medical Association, rape victims tend to avoid reporting a violation, often times out of shame or self-blame. The United States Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that ninety-one percent of all U.S. rape victims are female with nine percent that are male, and ninety-nine percent of the perpetrators are male.