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Critical assessment of miracles
Critical assessment of miracles
Explaining and defining miracles
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Is secularization another form of confessional history?
In the article The Other Confessional History: On Secular Bias in The Study of Religion by Brad S. Gregory, Gregory discusses the ongoing secularity and secularization happening in the study of religion. He discusses religion within social sciences, whether or not religious events from the past are real or not based on the metaphysical naturalism of the said event, religion in relations to epistemological skepticism, and just plain secularization. After having read the article, it has lead me to believe that secularization really is another form of confessional history. The definition of confessional history, to my understanding, is “to write history from a religiously biased point of view” in such a way that it hinders the full capacity and full understanding of the historical event’s content. In this case, the secularization of religious events fits the definition as it takes away from the historical content of the history itself. Gregory discusses secularization in his article and
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He explains that historians who follow this claim dogmatically, believe that “no religion is, indeed cannot be, what its believer-practitioners claim that it is” despite the fact that miracles are “not explicable by natural or scientific laws and is therefore considered to be the work of a divine agency” and such miracles are often those that occur within different religions. To try and explain miracles with natural sciences would be impossible due to its nature being of a divine creator because we cannot explain nor describe the divine power of God. An example being in Christianity, how Mary conceived a child through the power of the Holy
The respective areas of science and religion always seem to be overlapping, or stepping on the other area’s toes. In his book, Stephen Jay Gould addresses the topic of Non-Overlapping Magesteria, or NOMA. Gould examines the principles of NOMA as a solution to the supposed false conflict between religion and science. (Pg. 6) He starts off his argument on NOMA by telling a story of “Two Thomas’s.” The first Thomas is from the bible, of which he makes three appearances in the Gospel of John. The second Thomas, is a Reverend Thomas Burnet. Thomas the Apostle defends the magesteria of science in the wrong magesteria of faith, while the Reverend Thomas proclaims religious ideas within the magesteria of science.
The United States is commonly thought to be on an inevitable march towards secularization. Scientific thought and the failure of the enlightenment to reconcile the concept of god within a scientific framework are commonly thought to have created the antithesis of religious practice in the rise of the scientific method. However, the rise of doubt and the perception that secularization is increasing over time has in actuality caused an increase in religious practice in the United States through episodic revivals. Moreover, practice of unbelief has developed into a movement based in the positive assertion in the supplantation of God by the foundations of science, or even in the outright disbelief in God. The perception of increasing secularism in the United States spurs religious revivalism which underscores the ebb and flow of religious practice in the United States and the foundation of alternative movements which combines to form the reality that the United States is not marching towards secularism but instead religious diversity.
The secularization paradigm Bruce argues ‘is a set of associated explanations rather than a single theory’ (Pg.43). To build on this argument Bruce provides us with a diagram of the secularization paradigm with 22 key contributing factors; some showing the religiosity of societies i.e. the protestant reformation and monotheism, some exploring other factors which have contributed towards secularization such as Industrial Capitalism, Technological Consciousness and Social Differentiation and he provides an explanation of these concepts in order to provide the reader with an analysis of these themes. This can however be problematic in the sense that the terminology of the paradigm may well be understood by individuals studying or in the field of sociology but for individuals who are looking to develop their knowledge on the debate of secularization and religion can make this difficult. Bruce argues that modernization is one of the main causes of secularization. ‘‘Modernization brought with it increased cultural diversity in three different ways. First populations moved and brought their language, religion and social mores with them in a new setting. Secondly, the expansion of the increasingly expansive nation state meant that new groups were brought into the state. But thirdly…modernization created cultural pluralism through the proliferation of classes and class fragmentation with increasingly diverse
The words “Secularism” and “Religion” are used to describe abstract concepts with subjective definitions. As distinct as they are, they also act as mirrors to each other; as one cannot survive without the other to push against, no matter what definition is given to them. These words as defined by various writers, feminists, scholars and historians can be used to define and query these two categories. Gross, Castelli, Cady & Fessenden, Mahmood, Braude and Moallem use examples, culture, and opinions to define each in a different way. While they may be categories, secularism and religion are also answers to some of mankind’s biggest questions; but ultimately they are one in the same and seek to unite followers under a common cause.
Religion is intertwined with culture, economics, politics, and modern social relationships on every dimension. Whether you attend a cathedral, a synagogue, or a mosque, habitually, intermittently, or abstain entirely, you simply cannot escape religion.
Religion can be described as a social institution built up around the idea of a supernatural being or beings, and the relation of human beings to them. In addition, religion provides individuals a belief to which they understand their existence as well network of emotional support during times of distress. Moreover, religious institutions provide individuals a proper perspective of life and establish values. Religion involves three major aspects: A conception of the nature and character of divinity (2) A set of principles concerning the duties and obligations between divinity and humanity. (3) A set of behavior patterns designed to conform to God’s will (Thorman, 154). The theme of panopticisim is to assert and maintain power by being unseen. In Christianity, God, unable to be to seen, is a supernatural being with infinite power. In addition, the Holy Bible reaffirms this power and establishes accordance among civilians. The social institution of religion is a form of a panoptic system where individuals are compelled to act accordingly.
Religion is a symbolic representation of society. The sociological approach to religious belief looks at how society behaves on a whole, to answer the question, “Why are people religious?” We express our participation in religious events through plays, acts of confession, religious dances, etc. To begin to understand why we have such term, let’s understand the common elements of religion. There are different types in which people believe in or follow and that is: animatism, animism, ancestral spirits, god and goddesses, and minor supernatural beings. Beyond these different elements, such one is to have religious leaders to follow.
middle of paper ... ... At the end of the day, I believe that you can understand science and have faith in a religion. It is a bit much for someone to fathom, but with Meister’s ideas, it is possible. He breaks it down into terms that are easy for a person who believes in a religion or does not.
...wever, in the best interest of advancing education and an enlightened society, science must be pursued outside of the realm of faith and religion. There are obvious faith-based and untestable aspects of religion, but to interfere and cross over into everyday affairs of knowledge should not occur in the informational age. This overbearing aspect of the Church’s influence was put in check with the scientific era, and the Scientific Revolution in a sense established the facet of logic in society, which allows us to not only live more efficiently, but intelligently as well. It should not take away from the faith aspect of religion, but serve to enhance it.
There is an extensive literature available concerned with social sciences and religion or be more specific Economics and Religion. With the given context, we will try to analyze the relationship between them whether in terms of correlation, causality and dependency or independency. Moreover, we will discover theoretical and mathematical ground as well along with the philosophical foundations. In this literature review, starting with the meta existence of Economics and Religion proceeding literature provides chronological and holistic framework for the events. It is also noted that literature on religion and economics is divided into two section: qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis.
While this one poses a threat to theism, it strengthens the support for Divine Mystery Theory to be considered as a possibility. The third support involves the many puzzles and paradoxes that have been uncovered and serve as threats to theism. Some of these include Jesus Christ, the stone paradox, and the problem of personal and natural evil. The last argument of support breaks down the two types of theistic evidence; descriptive and experiential. Descriptive is identified by the attributes that God is made to have by theist standards. Those would include His omnipotence, goodness, formerly mentioned omniscience, and the uncaused first cause of the universe. This approach leaves room for interpretation of God’s nature while the other doesn’t. Experiential is based off of accounts of the person or people who have had personal experiences. These people usually are commonly heard of in Christian studies like Moses and other known prophets. Alston takes three experiential accounts to further back Divine Mystery Theory. The first account spawns from an influential theologian, Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite, which gives a vague identification of the things God isn’t, including quite a few contradictions. The next two were fellow Trappist monks, Thomas Keating and Thomas Merton. They both concluded that even experiences do not provide
Let me ask you a question, do you believe in miracles? Or, more appropriately, do you consider, that in today’s scientific era, it is illogical to relate a fact out of common sense, to one that would establish a witness for the intervention of a supernatural being? Here’s a moment to think a about it. Let me guess, you’re sitting there trying to make up your mind. Don’t worry; you’re not the first person that does not believe in miracles. In the past, some two centuries ago, Scottish philosopher David Hume did not believe either. And probably you have good reason not to either. But, let’s not diverse.
Religion as defined in, You May Ask Yourself, is a system of beliefs, traditions, and practices around sacred things, a set of shared stories that guide belief and action (Conley 613). Meaning, religion, is the way people can navigate their world and distinguish right from wrong, and good from bad. Everyone has their own belief system and often that belief system does not go with the norm of the rest of society but, what happens when a person 's belief system based off of that of the social norm? That is what society considers religion. Religion, not only in America but also the rest of the world is the basis of not only peoples beliefs but also the way they choose to live their lives. Majority of all people in the western world
“Religion is a ritualized system of beliefs and practices related to things defined as sacred by an organized community of believers.” (Basirico et.al. 379). Religion is an important element in the society because it influences the way individuals act and think. It has shaped the relationship and bonding among families as well as influenced the decision made in economics and politics. Religion in general has contributed to shape a society and a government structure which will influence the way the individuals under certain governmental structure behave. Sociologists are interested in religion mainly because religious belief is heavily rooted in individuals’ lives and it helps sociologists to interpret human’s actions, expression, and experiences. Due to its significance in society, sociologists try to study religion in depth to explain and understanding religions beyond science. Supernatural belief, which is the core of religion, cannot be explained using science which relies only on facts and data. According to Emile Durkheim, religion consists of three elements, a system of beliefs and practices, a community or church, and sacred things which are common throughout all religions. Although a lot of people may have thought that sociological studies in religion will undermine one’s faith towards their beliefs, in my opinion, sociological perspective in religion will have no effect on one’s faith toward their beliefs.
The modernization of religion is a response to the changing social, political and economic structures within a society. As the modernization of societies take place, people’s rationalizations change on the topic of religion. Modernity causes the decline of religious participation, religious influence and the result is a loss of faith in religion. Two major changes to religion that are caused by modernity are: secularization and disenchantment. Modernity causes secularization through the change of rationalizations of religion giving people the opportunity to choose a religious life through the idea of the heretical imperative. Additionally, modernity necessarily causes disenchantment through the increase of scientific knowledge which devalues