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Hume`s doubts concerning our knowledge of the relation of cause and effect summary
Hume`s doubts concerning our knowledge of the relation of cause and effect summary
Hume's of miracles
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Let me ask you a question, do you believe in miracles? Or, more appropriately, do you consider, that in today’s scientific era, it is illogical to relate a fact out of common sense, to one that would establish a witness for the intervention of a supernatural being? Here’s a moment to think a about it. Let me guess, you’re sitting there trying to make up your mind. Don’t worry; you’re not the first person that does not believe in miracles. In the past, some two centuries ago, Scottish philosopher David Hume did not believe either. And probably you have good reason not to either. But, let’s not diverse.
My focus is primarily on one of the many arguments philosophers have debated over for years. Does David Hume’s idea of ‘induction’ support his argument against his appeal to the laws of nature in his account of a miracle? Presently, the answer to that question varies. Some say it does, some say it does not. And as we will find out later, the answer can be either, depending on individual perspective. Personally, I believe Hume’s discussion on miracles can be said to be at times inconsistent with his earlier discussion of induction and causality, but overall, in a broader sense, his theories of induction can be related to his account on miracles.
But before we discuss this idea further, let’s firstly recapitulate Hume’s position on induction and the arguments against the event of a miracle. Hume’s idea of induction is an argument for human justification of beliefs. He suggests human beliefs are based on experience; that the sun may not rise tomorrow is logically possible but in reality logic can’t really prove it will. So, Hume comes up with his own argument; that we use our experience of the sun having risen every day in the past,...
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...m convictions and evidence that cannot be justified by argument. In a simple and assertive way of putting it, Hume showed us that common sense and science are matters of faith. The faith which Hume so greatly defends, we have no way of avoiding or resisting. It is fair to conclude, that while Hume attempts to refute the existence of a miracle, whether through the induction theory or his personal, individual opinion, Hume’s conclusions tend to fail in a range of aspects, but the most intriguing relates to his inadequate proposal and later the revision of a law of nature. He forgets the concept that if ever a more accurate explanation is found, there would be no reason to view miracles as a violation of the laws of nature. Who’s to say miracles need to violate the laws of nature? Can’t unexpected, everyday events, which we live through, account to be miraculous?
Hume defines the laws of nature to be what has been “uniformly” observed by mankind, such as the laws of identity and gravity. He views society as being far to liberal in what they consider to be a miracle. He gives the reader four ideas to support his philosophy in defining a true miracle, or the belief in a miracle. These points leads us to believe that there has never been a miraculous event established. Hume’s first reason in contradicting a miracle is, in all of history there has not been a miraculous event with a sufficient number of witnesses. He questions the integrity of the men and the reputation in which they hold in society. If their reputation holds great integrity, then and only then can we have full assurance in the testimony of men. Hume is constantly asking throughout the passage questions to support proof for a miracle. He asks questions such as this; Who is qualified? Who has...
However, David Hume, succeeds in objecting this argument by claiming that the experience is a necessary factor for understanding the creation of the universe. Lastly, I argued that Paley’s argument was not sufficient for proving God’s existence with the argument by design because we cannot assume the world will comply and work the way we wish
It is interesting that four accounts that have shown significant divergence to this point suddenly agree almost totally in all but the smallest of details. It is as if the four strands of thought cross at exactly this point. I suspect that it is also the Spirit ensuring that the miraculous part of this miracle is well attested. The accounts are sufficiently similar that I shall break from the previous pattern and discuss the four accounts together rather than sequentially.
David Hume was a British empiricist, meaning he believed all knowledge comes through the senses. He argued against the existence of innate ideas, stating that humans have knowledge only of things which they directly experience. These claims have a major impact on his argument against the existence of miracles, and in this essay I will explain and critically evaluate this argument.
In the past couple centuries, many achievements resulting from mistakes uphold Thomas’s claim of useful human discovery precipitated by chance. For example,
Hume strongly depends on the laws of nature to disprove miracles because it is something that he knows will hold up through experience. Even if something happens that is extremely rare, for example, snow in June, we can disprove this as a miracle because it has been our experience in life that the weather is never constant and under extreme conditions we can get very cold weather during the summer. He is so skeptical against miracles, that he says he cannot even believe someone claiming to have witnessed a miracle, without first examining their reason for making such a claim.
David Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion provide conflicting arguments about the nature of the universe, what humans can know about it, and how their knowledge can affect their religious beliefs. The most compelling situation relates to philosophical skepticism and religion; the empiricist character, Cleanthes, strongly defends his position that skepticism is beneficial to religious belief. Under fire from an agnostic skeptic and a rationalist, the empiricist view on skepticism and religion is strongest in it’s defense. This debate is a fundamental part of the study of philosophy: readers must choose their basic understanding of the universe and it’s creator, upon which all other assumptions about the universe will be made. In this three-sided debate, Hume’s depiction of an empiricist is clearly the winner.
All of the arguments made for Supernaturalism create the opposing side to Naturalism and help to explain the areas that Naturalism does not. The main argument for Supernaturalism that Lewis uses is the Supernaturalist belief that one thing exists on its own and has produced the framework of space and time, which he calls Nature. This belief counters the Naturalist belief that “time is going on of its own accord”. Unlike this belief, Supernaturalists believe; because there is an ultimate being who created everything, the Natural is not always what springs up of its own accord. Through a supernatural being or beings, occurrences like miracles can happen. Lewis shows through his argument that true nature can only be completely described through the Supernaturalist point of view, of which there is One Self-existent Thing that created nature. Even though miracles may never in fact interfere with the natural system God has created, miracles, though not common and not substantially provable, cannot easily be dismissed as never having occurred. Overall Lewis affectively created two plausible arguments that go against Naturalism and support the Supernaturalist belief
So why does the existence of miracles have any meaning at all? Belief in miracles helps to bring a sense of the divine existence of God to those who believe in a material way. Miracles are a way for signs from God to be transferred to mankind, in a way that we are able to understand. These miracles or signs from God can help to show divine favour, and to support our moral beliefs and ideology, to let us know that we are on the path of righteousness for those who believe. But what then, constitutes a miracle? A miracle, according to Hume, is a violation of the laws of nature, something that cannot happen, but does. (Hume, 1777,E10.12) I believe that Hume believes that the the laws of nature, cannot ever be violated, for if one believes that this is possible, then the laws of nature are fallible and belief in the laws of nature which should be unalterable, would no longer apply. It is therefore, far more reasonable to believe that the laws of nature, which have proven themselves over and over again, are in fact to be believed and accepted over any possiblity for the existence of a miracle.
Kant found many problems within Hume’s account. Through his endeavors to prove that metaphysics is possible, and his analyzing of causality, Kant solved the problems he saw within Hume’s account. Specifically, in the Prolegomena, Kant stated that Hume “justly maintains that we cannot comprehend by reason the possibility of causality.”(57) Kant also attacked Hume’s ideas by describing Hume’s treatment of the concept of causality to be “a bastard of the imagination, impregnated by experience.”(5) Kant succeeded in re- establishing the objectivity of causality, a task that Hume had rejected as impossible.
In Part II of David Hume’s Dialogues of Natural Religion, Demea remarks that the debate is not about whether or not God exists, but what the essence of God is. (pg.51) Despite this conclusion in Part II, in his introduction to the Dialogues Martin Bell remarks that the question of why something operates the way it does is quite different from the question why do people believe that it operates the way it does. (pg. 11) This question, the question of where a belief originates and is it a valid argument, is much of the debate between Hume’s three characters in the Dialogues. (pg. ***)
In science, Hume recognized a problem with scientific causality. He saw science as being based on inductive reasoning, which results in generalized rules or principles.
In the selection, ‘Skeptical doubts concerning the operations of the understanding’, David Hume poses a problem for knowledge about the world. This question is related to the problem of induction. David Hume was one of the first who decided to analyze this problem. He starts the selection by providing his form of dividing the human knowledge, and later discusses reasoning and its dependence on experience. Hume states that people believe that the future will resemble the past, but we have no evidence to support this belief. In this paper, I will clarify the forms of knowledge and reasoning and examine Hume’s problem of induction, which is a challenge to Justified True Belief account because we lack a justification for our beliefs.
Since physical accounts fail to explain miracles, and the acts above are all explained as acts of the Lord or miracles in Scripture (Resurrection of Christ—Romans 6:4–5; Ephesians 1:19–20; Parting of the Red Sea—Exodus 14:13–18, 24–30; Jesus walking on water—Matthew 14:32–33). There is Divine testimony that these acts were supernatural.
Upon reading Will to Believe, there is no doubt we will all begin to question how we’ve gotten to our beliefs and why we believe what we do. William James argues against forced beliefs and expresses the importance of choice. The idea of choice is one I strongly agree with. Although we are easily influenced by others, when it comes to beliefs free will must come into play. As far as the science method, which I have discussed, a belief is just as valid whether there is evidence or not because most scientific methods will never be one hundred percent proven and they will change over