Abstract The purpose of this study is to better understand the implications that different levels of pH have on development of sea-urchin larvae. Many sea creatures reproduce and flourish in certain water qualities and reproduction can be hindered if levels are not maintained. Sea Urchins are important in understanding not only urchin cells, fertilization, and heredity but can also be linked directly to humans. If we can apply our understanding of urchin reproduction we can better understand how the process works in humans. To test the ramifications of different levels of pH several tanks were set up. Each tank had a different pH ranging from 7.6-8.4. The levels of reproduction were then assessed using a series of bar graphs. Introduction …show more content…
Meiosis involves recombination, which is when parent cells exchange genetic material that will be used in the offspring’s DNA. The sperm and egg membranes are welded into a zygote with half of its DNA from the female and half from the male. This formation is then followed by cleavage, rapid cell divisions, which divides the cytoplasm into smaller cells. As the division occurs, numbers of cells within the embryo increase. The cell then separates the chromosomes into two identical sets, or diploid. The overall purpose of mitosis however is to form body cells which can be produced during several stages. The stages are development, growth, regeneration and even asexual reproduction. We use sea urchins as a tool to investigate reproduction because sea urchins have been found to be on the same lineage that led to common day mammals such as humans (HIMB Education Program). With this being said sea urchin reproduction is similar to human reproduction. This similarity allows us to study these processes without directly studying humans since it would be probably be classified as unethical. Our proposed project is very important because it gives an aid to understanding how higher levels of acid will affect the rates of
In the early development process of many organisms, it is important to be able to minimize exposure to agents of stunted or arrested development. By decreasing the mortality rate for a generation of a species, that species is given an advantage in later reproduction; by increasing the number of organisms of the same species within a limited environment, more organisms of the same species are able to reproduce, resulting in an augmented overall population ("Reproduction and Development", 2013). However, when toxins are introduced to an environment, an embryo’s viability can decrease. Mortality rates for the generation of the species can increase, and defects that are harmful to the reproductive cycle can emerge. Thus, it is necessary to measure and observe the effects of certain toxins on embryonic development. The North American brine shrimp, or Artemia Franciscana (Artemia Salina), is subject to changes in its environment. Toxins introduced to its hatching environment, such as ethanol (in concentrations of 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.2%), can have significant impact for the hatching process and embryonic development. The experiment sought to explore the relationship between birth defects and exposure to ethanol at early developmental stages through the use of American brine shrimp. However, to be able to fully comprehend the impact that certain toxins would have on the embryonic development of the North American brine shrimp, it is first important to be versed in its specific hatching process.
Our lab manual states that dissecting a fish/squid gives anyone who has not experienced one "a chance to see just exactly what makes an organism tick on the inside and how they compare to human internal anatomy" (Mertz, Garrison and Baker 164). What is meant by this is, by becoming familiar with the essential organs and body parts of vertebrate organisms such as a fish or rat, along with those of invertebrates like a squid or crab, one can have an idea of what to expect with the anatomy of humans. While humans are not exactly the same as the said animals—particularly the fish or squid—one should at least be able to understand that since fishes are vertebrates, they are much closer to humans than squids, which lack any bones. By looking at the bones of any fish, such as the ribs or the spine of a mackerel, their structural similarities to the bones of humans and other mammals can be quite noticeable.
The sought to determine the effects of mixing various levels of acids and bases to see which combination would have the most explosive reaction, and measure the resulting pH levels. I did this by testing an assortment of different pH levels of acids and bases, mixing them together and measuring the results. Most of the experiments resulted in a pH neutral solution, except for the Sulfuric Acid and the Sodium Hydroxide. By far, the Sulfuric Acid was the most explosive, followed by the Citric and Acetic Acid. Introduction.
Each cell contains the same genetic code as the parent cell, it is able to do this because it has copied it’s own chromosomes prior to cell death. division. The. Meiosis consists of two divisions whilst mitosis is followed. in one division; both these processes involve the stages of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
The process of mitosis can take place in either a haploid (23 chromosomes) or a diploid (46 chromosomes) cell. Before a cell can be ready for a mitotic division it must primarily undergo its interphase stage. Following the interphase stage several other stages come into play. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During each specific stage certain sequences of events take place that assist to the completion of the division.
Sexual reproduction is that the union of male and feminine gametes to create a fertilised egg or zygote. The ensuing offspring inherit one-half their traits from every parent. Consequently, they 're not genetically similar to either parent or siblings, except within the case of identical twins. As theorised by Mendel, adults are diploid, meaning as 2N, having 2 alleles offered to code for one attribute. The gametes should be haploid, signified by N, containing just one allele in order that once 2 haploid gametes mix, they manufacture a traditional diploid individual. The method where haploid sex cells are created from diploid parents is known as meiosis, and it happens solely within the reproductive organs.
Also the investigation will be performed in a sensible manner and there is no dangerous behaviour. Prediction When the experiment is taking place I believe that the magnesium in the hydrochloric acid will begin to bubble and then disappear, I also
For the cell, the job of meiosis is the reduction of number of chromosomes of the gametes from diploid to haploid. The job of meiosis in the chromosome is to go through both of the phases and produce more new cells to have the four haploid daughter cells. Finally, the job of meiosis in the organism is to reproduce sexually by making sex cells in humans, animals, plants, and fungi.
According to the results shown, 2 M hydrochloric acid that was more concentrated had a faster rate of reaction than less concentrated 0.5 M hydrochloric acid. As could be seen from Figure 1: processed data, 2 M hydrochloric acid’s average water displacement of 9.1 cm was much larger than 0.5 M hydrochloric acid’s water displacement of 0.3 cm. Therefore, the trend of the reaction rate increasing as the concentration increased was shown. The hypothesis was supported by the evidence obtained from this experiment.
The experiment measured the survival rate, the growth rate, and the size of the brine shrimp at the time harvested in various environments. To obtain these measurements, three environments were created: sea water, brackish water, and freshwater. For this experiment the scientists used 5 liter plastic buckets. Every two days, half of the water from each bucket was discarded and new water, of each respective salinity, was added into each bucket...
A male makes one thousand new sperm per second, that is two trillion over a lifetime and they all are one of a kind, very unique. A woman has all her eggs from birth. The process starts out as meiosis, this is where 30,000 genes are then there are forty six chromosomes. Twenty three comes from your mother and twenty three come from your father, they only come together in meiosis in pairs, but they are not the same. Chromosomes make an exact copy of themselves then they condense making an X shape, chromosomes get a partner then embrace. The chromosomes cling close together in big chunks, the cell then divides pulling the pair apart with twenty three chromosomes. The cell alone is incomplete, but holds many promises. Every cell holds di...
Meiosis is a special type of cell division that occurs during formation of sperm and egg cells and gives them the correct number of chromosomes. Since a sperm and egg unite during fertilization, each must have only half the number of chromosomes other body cells have. Otherwise, the fertilized cell would have too many.
The human body goes through many different reactions and processes that are necessary for humans to live. Chemical reactions by the human body are never seen with the human eye, but it is so vital that these processes are understood. Without this understanding, diseases and disorders can never be resolved or controlled. These processes may be small in size, but have a great deal of impact on the function of the human body.
acid and water to see how it affects the rate of reaction. I will use
Once the sperm fuses with the ovum both chromosomes will pair up and begin the first stages of cell division.