Previous literature has found that various environmental contaminants, such as endocrine disrupters have detrimental effects on organisms such as the Japanese quails. A vast amount of studies have been conducted to analyze characteristics such as reproductive behavior in mammals however the current study adds on knowledge to an understudied population, the avian species specifically the Japanese quail. Exposure to these estrogen receptor antagonists has seemed to take a toll on the reproductive behavior of such species that the researchers of the current study main purpose were to formulate an endocrinological standardized test. This standardized test would help identify insidious effects of the estrogen receptor in the Japanese male quail before the population of the avian species is significantly reduced. Researchers in order to evaluate the effects of the environmental contaminants, they would have to observe sexual behavior of the quails. Not only is sexual behavior responsible of reproduction and maintaining the species alive. It is also noted from previous literature that the sexual behavior of the Japanese quail is said to be characterized as by involving great amounts of physical strength. Quails who fail to adhere to the typical male sexual behavior would be facile to identify those who be considered deviant. The hypothesis of the current study was that exposure to synthetic hormones such as ethinylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol would alter the copulatory behavior of the male Japanese quails.
The current study carried out its experiment by incubating fertilized Japanese quail eggs at a stable temperature of 37.5C. Synthetic estrogens such as ethinylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol were injected in the fertilized eggs. ...
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...contaminants proves to be detrimental to the Japanese quails. Environmental containments serve as a catalyst to impair sexual reproduction thus significantly altering the population density of this particular avian species. This study extends knowledge on the knowledge provided in lecture. The intake of environmental containments starts at a water level extending its way to the avian species where there is a greater Endocrine disruption magnification as these birds eat on the smaller scales levels. Just as these birds are part of a food chain as humans we are part of the linear sequence. This particular avian species is intake as meat consumption a form as alternative to chicken. Just as levels of environmental containments are at a high magnification in the Japanese quail, the intake may produce detrimental effects that can be translated into the human organism.
However, this approach has many challenges for which solutions have been elusive to date. Ideally, methods for contraception of wild horses should be safe and reversible, effective for several years, practical to administer and be of a reasonable cost and whilst having minimal effect on reproductive and/or harem behavior. This ensures the methods that are used to control the reproductive cycle are considered to be humane and ethical.
Also used are three synthetic hormones which include estrogen compound zeranol, androgen testosterone acetate, and progestin melengestrol acetate. (Organic Consumer Association) However, when hormones are given to cattle some of the naturally occurring hormone levels could go up seven to twenty times the normal level. Scientists have growing concerns about the use of the hormone. Scientists are concerned with the hormones used and their impact on the environment.
Loder, Natasha, Elizabeth Finkel, Craig Meisner, and Pamela Ronald. “The Problem of What to Eat.” Conservation Magazine. The Society for Conservative Biology, July-Sept. 2008. Web. 16 Dec. 2009.
PPCPs that have been found in tap water and source water include an array of chemicals such as sulfamethoxazole: an antibiotic, estrone: an estrogen containing chemical, atrazine: a herbicide, naproxen: an anti-inflammatory drug and meprobamate: an anxiety medicine. (Alliance for the Great Lakes). The effect of these pharmaceuticals on the wildlife is no fairytale matter. The 2002 USGS report stated that endocrine disrupting chemicals (chemicals that alter the hormone balance in an organism) such as estrogene which is found in estrone were linked to the occurrence of intersexed, cancerous and reduced size organ...
The same contraceptive has also been used in other sections of the United States to limit population growth such as white-tailed deers, and pigs. However, contraceptives have caused controversy in the safety of the horses’ health. However, in a study done by Turner, A., and Kirkpatrick, J.F., the effects of the contraceptive were studied in foals over the course of twelve years in Assateague Island. Horses that were vaccinated with the contraceptive returned to fertility between 1-5 years, however, when exceeded the seven year mark, the horses remained infertile. It was also concluded that there was no difference in survival rates of the horses.
Schramm, 2011). Another article had study on morphological development and characterization of aromatase and estrogen receptors alpha and beta in fetal ovaries of cattle. In this study the aim was to understand the role of estradiol-17β in fetal ovarian development, presence an localization of cytochrome p450 aromates (P450arom) and estrogen receptors alpha and beta proteins characterized in fetal ovaries of cattle. In the day of 110 of the experiment ovarian structures within different lobes appeared to be different morphological development stages. At the end of this experiment morphological development had analyzed that in granulosa cell growing of oocytes of follicles. Also both ERα and ERβ protein was observed in overigerous cords and granulosa cells and oocytes of follicles. (Burkart, 2009) Similar research had done by Celine Ferre, was “comparison of early morphological and molecular changes induced by 17-alpha-methytestosterone and estradiol benzoate in rat ovary.”(Ferre, 2013) The goal of this experiment was to identify early events and linked to morphological change in the ovary by exposure t...
Stokes, W.S. “Animals and the 3 R’s on Toxicology Research and Testing.” Human and Experimental Toxicology December 2015: 7. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 February
...oney, Andrew A. and Daniel B. Pickford. 1995. Organisation versus Activation: The role of Endocrine-disrupting Contaminants (EDCS) during Embryonic Development in wildlife. Environmental Health Perspective’s. 103 (Suppl 7): 157-164.
Her audience is anyone who cares about the world we live in and its long term health. “The world we live in” is a vast category, which includes our entire ecosystem as well as animals and humans. The essay also targets producers and users of chemicals and pesticides used for insect and pest control. In “The Obli...
Dr. David Brubaker of the Center for Livable Future at Johns Hopkins University said, “The way that we breed animals for food is a threat to the planet. It pollutes our environment while consuming huge amounts of water, grain, petroleum, pesticides and drugs. The results are disastrous.”
Testosterone production in men occurs in the testes; removal of the testes consequently eradicates some social behaviours often characterised as male (Haigh, Cates, Glover & Rawlings, 1984). Awareness for the function of the testes, influenced Chinese scholars to prescribe ingestion of dog testes to increase male fertility and enhance courtship behaviours (Breedlove, Rosenzweig & Watson, 2007). The behavioural qualities of the testes was confirmed by Arnold Berthold (1849), by castrating juvenile roosters it was observed that there was a failure to develop 'normal' reproductive behaviour. Testosterone can be labelled as having an activational effect promoting several specific behaviours (Berthold, 1849).
The high summer temperatures is a major cause of poor quality semen formation in bulls and reduces sexual activities, as well as th...
Chicken farms need more government regulation for causing damage to both human and animal health and for being detrimental to the environment. Chicken farms produce large amounts of fecal matter that heavily contaminate waterways that are used for drinking. In the Delmarva Peninsula alone 3.2 billion pounds of raw waste, 13.8 million pounds of phosphorous, and 48.2 million pounds of nitrogen are released into the environment (Intensive Poultry Production).. These nutrients enter bodies of water causing eutrophication, which causes an explosion of algal blooms that die and require large amounts of oxygen to decompose. This increase in oxygen consumption creates ‘dead zones’ in many areas, most notably in the Gulf of Mexico, where there is not enough oxygen to sustain aquatic life.(Facts about Pollution from Livestock Farms). U.S. chicken producers use a total of 2.2 million pounds of the antibiotic arsenic compound, roxarsone (appositive), each year. Most of this compound passes through the chickens and into their excrement. The arsenic that is left in the excrement can leach into surface and groundwater supplies and become inorganic arsenic, a known carcinogen. This waste can also enter waterways, killing hundreds of fish. Inside the chicken farms, large amounts ammonia and dust particulates are released into the air, which can cause moderate to severe respiratory problems in humans.When waste pools are filled, the companies spray liquid waste into the air that mists and carries over to human populations that inhale these toxic gases and become ill. (Meat Production Wastes Natural Resources), Chicken farms also waste resources due to the fact that many crops, such as soybeans, are grown to be feed for livestock. Only 20% of the ...
According to Health and Safety executive (HSE), (n.d), heat stress is a component of climate change “that causes the body temperature to fail”, and is a global problem which affects agriculture and livestock. The effect of heat stress on Livestock’s has become greater for animals such as dairy cows and beef cattle. When animals are under distress due to temperature rise, they usually cut back on their feeding practices; have a rise in body temperature and faces weight loss. Milk production, milk fat, protein content and the progression of breeding are also affected, especially in dairy cows. When heat stress occurs, dairy cow...
Bibliography Fiala, Nathan. "How Meat Contributes to Global Warming." The American Scientific Magazine. Journal Article, 4 Feb. 2009.