Morphological Development (Development of multicellular organism, characterization and change)
Morphological development starts with a single cell which able to divide or die. The cells are joined by springs and formed the morphological individuals. One of the studies had done in India to determine the morphological characterization of Echinococcus from food producing animals. Cystic echinoccosis is a common infecting in food producing animals. In this research 21,861 animals had been examined and found the highest prevalence of hydatid cysts (5.10 %) followed by buffaloes (3.81%), pig (0.87%) and sheep (0.075%). (Pednekar, 2009,
Schramm, 2011). Another article had study on morphological development and characterization of aromatase and estrogen receptors alpha and beta in fetal ovaries of cattle. In this study the aim was to understand the role of estradiol-17β in fetal ovarian development, presence an localization of cytochrome p450 aromates (P450arom) and estrogen receptors alpha and beta proteins characterized in fetal ovaries of cattle. In the day of 110 of the experiment ovarian structures within different lobes appeared to be different morphological development stages. At the end of this experiment morphological development had analyzed that in granulosa cell growing of oocytes of follicles. Also both ERα and ERβ protein was observed in overigerous cords and granulosa cells and oocytes of follicles. (Burkart, 2009) Similar research had done by Celine Ferre, was “comparison of early morphological and molecular changes induced by 17-alpha-methytestosterone and estradiol benzoate in rat ovary.”(Ferre, 2013) The goal of this experiment was to identify early events and linked to morphological change in the ovary by exposure t...
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...ent.” (Burkhart, 2010) After Ferre, studied the molecular and morphological changes induced by 17MT (an androgenic compound) and EB (estrogenic compound) on the rat ovary, scientist stated that “Our work indicated that the detection of early key hormonal markers in short term studies can help to predict the adverse long term effects on target” (Ferre,2013) End of the TGFα scientist concluded his experiment that “TGFα overexpression alone does not lead to tumor formation or epithelial hyperplasia in the mouse urogenital organs even though TGFα overexpression elicits bladder outlet obstruction.” (Yoshio, 2010) Morphological changes based on environmental factors, O’Regan stated that “focal palatine erosion” (FPE) can be developed by soft diet chetahs. Moreover, in several cases, this can lead to sinuses developing between oral and nasal cavities. (Yoshio, 2010)
Both of the phases last from day 1 to day 13 of the menstrual cycle. The follicular phase initially involves the growth of primary follicles; these follicles subsequently develop vesicles and become secondary follicles. Towards the end of the follicular phase, one of the follicles gets mature and develops into a graafian follicle. As follicles grow, the granulose cells secrete estrogen. The hormone reaches its highest concentration two days before ovulation, which is at about day 12 of the cycle. According to Fox (1996), the growth of follicles and the secretion of estrogen are stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland. It is believed the amount of FSH secreted in the beginning of follicular phase is slightly larger than the amount secreted in the late follicular phase. Proliferative phase signifies endometrial changes, representing the restoration of the epithelium from the previous menstruation (Ganong, 2003). The rising serum estrogen concentration stimulates the proliferation of the uterine endometrium with the thickness of 1-4mm. As the thickness increases, the uterine glands are released so that the endometrium lengthens. However, the glands do not become convoluted or secrete to any degree (Welt, 2015). Estrogen in the blood is produced by the dominant ovarian
In a study conducted by Louis J. Guillette Jr. of the University of Florida and Ana M. Soto of Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston, hormonal activity of water from sites located both upstream and downstream of feedlots in Nebraska were tested by adding the water samples to cells that “react in various ways to hormonal steroids” (Raloff, 2002, para 17-18). The study (as cited in Raloff) found that:
Chatterjee, A. (2009). A medical view of potential adverse effects. Nature, 457(7229), 532-533. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Today’s article will take an objective look at the Echinacea plant and why some people take supplements, believing it will help them fight the germs.
Teratogens are defined as “those substances which exert an adverse influence on development [of a developing fetus]” (Hepper, 2007, p. 48). Teratogens can be environmental influences, such as chemicals or infectious agents. They can also be physical conditions or nutritional deficiencies present in the mother. Thousands of known teratogens have been discovered. For example, Purdue University’s Department of Radiological and Environmental Management (2014) maintains an internet-based list of teratogens which currently names over 2000 substances. This paper will discuss two of these teratogens in further detail: maternal cigarette smoking and vitamin A.
When researching diseases that affect animals, I chose to research one that deals with cattle. This disease would be a reproductive venereal disease called vibriosis. Vibriosis can affect all breeds of cattle, male or female, and is the most important cause of infertility in female cattle along with occasional abortions. This disease is caused by bacteria that live in the crevices of a bull’s prepuce, of a bull aged four years or older (Hansen, 1914). Age is a factor because the foreskin of a bull does not develop until then. The disease is spread from an infected bull to a cow during breeding. A bull might be clean, but then infected by a cow who was infected by a bull before him. Many bulls can go years without showing any signs of this disease, whereas female cattle may lose a calf to an abortion the next coming calving season.
During recent years, numerous newspaper and magazine articles have suggested that humans may be at risk because small amounts of well known environmental contaminants, such as dioxin, PCBs and DDT, can affect hormone levels. Hormones are produced by the endocrine system as regulators of biological function in target organs. Because hormones play a critical role in early development, toxicological effects on the endocrine system often have an impact on the reproductive system. The term endocrine disruptor is used to describe chemicals that can mimic hormones and may either enhance or counteract their effects. It has been suggested that these hormone changes can, in turn, lead to a variety of health problems including cancer, decreased fertility, and abnormalities in newborns.
Chemical pollution into the environment can cause both genotypic and phenotypic changes in many organisms, including humans. More specifically, environmental pollutants like BPA can act as xenoestrogens (estrogen imitators), ultimately affecting hormonal activity and production in an organism. This alteration in activity and production can be termed as endocrine disruption. The endocrine system regulates a variety of processes responsible for growth and development, including gonadal formation and function, digestion, metabolism, sex differentiation, and embryonic development (reviewed by Flint et al., 2012). Chemicals that interfere with the function or structure of the endocrine system can be defined as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2007).
The chosen language for this paper is French. Morphology 1. Information on the language family it belongs to Language families are groups of languages that are related to each other because they come from a common older language. French comes from the Indo-European language family and is a part of the Romance family along with Italian and Spanish which was spoken a long time ago. 2.
Echinococcosis or Hydatid cyst is a parasitic disease caused by an infection of tiny tapeworms (Image 1). This infection can be naturally transmitted between humans and other animals. It can be transmitted by digesting feces, contaminated meat or other products. It is considered one of the most significant groups of communicable diseases. There are three different types of echinococcosis which can affect both human and animals; but only two are most commonly seen in humans and animals. The two are cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis. In this essay I am going to explain more about the Echinococcus in general, the two different types of echinococcosis, the symptoms they create, and how they each affect the body differently.
OSCC initiates in a multi-step process in which normal cells are transformed into preneoplastic cells and then to cancer9. During this process a sequential accumulation of genetic and molecular changes occur10. The majority of oral cancers are preceded by visible changes of the oral mucosa. Within the oral cavity lesions such as leukoplakia, erythroplakia, lichen planus and submucous fibrosis have a propensity for malignancy11. Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) transform to oral cancers through various histopathological stages from hyperkeratosis/hyperplasia, to various degrees of dysplasia (categorized by mild, moderate, or severe according to the presence and severity of cell atypia and other structural aspects of the epithelium), to carcinoma in situ (CIS), and finally to invasive cancer12. Histopathological assessment for the grade of epithelial dysplasia is the most common method to determine malignant potential of patients with oral pre-cancerous lesion...
Jancárková, N., & Gregor, V. (2000). [Teratogens during pregnancy]. Ceska gynekologie/Ceska lekarska spolecnost J. Ev. Purkyne, 65(3), 188-194.
Language, like anything else, is in a state of continuous change. Language change takes place when a generation of speakers produces linguistic expressions that differ from previous generations of speakers. With every generation, words are borrowed from other languages, new words are invented, meanings of words change, and pronunciation of some words is altered. The process of language change might be slow or fast. However, as changes accumulate over time, the old and new language will extremely vary. For instance, symple, an old English word, is changed to simple. Also, speche is changed into speech. Language change is classified into typologies, like semantic change, sound change, lexical change, spelling change, syntactic change and other changes that play a role in the change of language overtime.
Words and Morphemes The Morpheme In order to describe the form of the linguistic expressions (phrases, sentences, texts) in a language, we must describe how those complex expressions are built from smaller parts, until ultimately we which the atoms of linguistic form. The term morpheme is used to refer to an atom of linguistic form. Most languages have a word, like the English word 'word', that appears at first to refer to precisely the sorts of minimal linguistic objects we have in mind. But there are two reasons to reject 'word' as the label for the minimal unit of linguistic form.