2. Etiology and Pathophysiology of Hypertension with rationale:
The etiology (cause) of Primary Hypertension unknown, but there are many things that can add to cause Primary Hypertension. Some of the factors that can lead to Primary Hypertension is high alcohol and salt intake, aging and sedentary lifestyle, low potassium and calcium intake. High alcohol (alcoholic) intake raises the blood pressure to an unhealthy level. Normal blood pressure ranges from 120-140 for the systolic (atrium pressure) and 80-90 for the diastolic (ventricle pressure). High salt intake raises the blood pressure because the high amount of salt throws off the balance of sodium in the blood. Which causes the kidney the inability to filter as much water as it should filtered.
…show more content…
This is a high risk factor because physical activity has many positive effects on the body, such as helping to prevent insulin resistance, it helps build heart muscles, lowers systolic pressure, and it gets the blood going. Low potassium and low calcium intake increase blood pressure because both potassium and calcium play a role in regulating blood pressure. So without the two, blood pressure is not regulated properly. These things over time can accumulate to the formation of Primary hypertension. Secondary hypertension can be caused by and previous disease that a patient that can lead them to develop high blood pressure. Disease such as those that affects the any body systems that helps with the regulations of blood pressure. To two most common diseases that can affect blood pressure is kidney disease and congenital heart defect. The kidney has a big role when it comes to regulating blood pressure and salt levels. If the kidneys aren’t able to function properly, it the regulation of salt to be done incorrectly and the blood will not be filtered. This will lead to the blood carrying a lot of extra substance with it that aren’t in use while adding new substances that is needed
How does this history of high blood pressure demonstrate the problem description and etiology components of the P.E.R.I.E. process? What different types of studies were used to establish etiology or contributory cause?
According to Public Health England, high blood pressure also known as hypertension, affects one in four adults in England, and is the second biggest factor of premature death and disability. The higher the blood sugar the more invisible damage is likely to be doing to your body.
Blood pressure is a measurement of the force against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood through your body. Hypertension is another term used to describe high blood pressure. This common condition increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, two leading causes of death for Americans. High blood pressure contributed to more than 362,895 deaths in the United States during 2010. Approximately 67 million persons in the United States have high blood pressure, and only half of those have their condition under control. An estimated 46,000 deaths could be avoided annually if 70% of patients with high blood pressure were treated according to published guidelines (Patel, Datu, Roman, Barton, Ritchey, Wall, Loustalot; 2014).
Hypertension is deadly and it is a silent killer, if not detected on time, it can cause severe complications to major organs in the body.
My patient who is a 57 year old male who has a past history of Hypertension, takes Accupril to help with his high blood pressure. Is complaining of chest and lest arm pain. He has a blood pressure of 140bpm a high heart rate, and on the ECG showing significant ST elevation and Sinus Tachycardia.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure is a medical condition where the arteries are constantly experiencing high blood pressure due to the force exerted on the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood throughout the body.
As mentioned, one of the go to forms of treatment is medication. “ These could include medications to lower your blood pressure, such as diuretics, angiogenesis-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or beta blockers; blood thinning medications, such as daily aspirin therapy; or cholesterol-lowering medications, such as statins or fibrates”(Mayo Clinic). These medications have been successful in their attempts to lower these risk factors and have been helpful when underlying genetic conditions and age become a factor; however, when these problems stem from au unhealthy lifestyle it is import to understand that these risks will never fully go away until sweeping changes are made.
Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases including stroke and may also have a role in the development of vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia [1, 2]. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1; ACE) plays an important role in the rennin-angiotensin system and it is a carboxyl-terminal dipeptidyl exopeptidase that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II [3-6]. ACE converts an inactive form of decapeptide, angiotensin I, to a potent vasoconstrictor, octapeptide, angiotensin II, in addition; since the ACE is a multifunctional enzyme it also catalyzes the degradation of bradykinin, which is known as a vasodilator [4, 7]. Therefore, inhibition of ACE activity leads to decrease in the concentration of angiotensin II and increases the level of bradykinin; consequently reduce blood pressure [8].
Reduce salt intake. Too much salt impacts the ability of your kidneys to remove water from the bloodstream. The result of this is higher blood pressure because of the extra fluid. Stop using table salt and reduce the amount of salt you use when cooking.
Hypertension also known simply as high blood pressure is a common problem related to heart disease. When a person has high blood pressure, the heart has to work harder. It also speeds up the hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Although high blood pressure cannot be cured, it can be controlled with a healthy diet, exercise and if necessary medication
There are so many complex factors for high blood pressure. There are environmental factors. There are genetic factors. Even race plays a huge role in what type of blood pressure is natural for that specific race. You would be amazed of how many factors are in a human being having high or low blood pressure. The traits in having high blood pressure are so complex. And what is amazing about all of these traits and environmental factors is that they are all linked together in a way. And in this essay I will explain how these traits, environmental factors, and even race are all linked in a certain complex way.
An unhealthy diet and physical inactivity can cause raised blood pressure, raised glucose levels, raised blood lipids, overweight and obesity in individuals, which puts them at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Unlike behavior risk factors, which can be controlled or modified, there are fixed risk factors like like race, gender, and age that can also contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease.
There are generally two categories of hypertension, primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. The causes of primary hypertension are usually unknown and it develops gradually over the years. As for secondary hypertension, the causes are mainly underlying other health problems and it develops in a sudden of time. (The Healthline Editorial Team 2013) First of all, hypertension can be related to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Renin is an enzyme secreted mainly via the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney when the sodium retention and water retention are reduced in the blood. (Beevers, Lip, and O'Brien 2001) Renin will bind to a substrate which is angiotensinogen and form angiotensin I which is an inactive peptide. (Foëx and Sear 2004) After that, angiotensin I will be rapidly converted to an active peptide angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in lungs. As a result, vasoconstriction occurs due to presence of angiotensin II and this increases the blood pressure. Moreover, angiotensin II can stimulate the releasing of aldosterone by adrenal glands. Secretion of aldosterone raises the blood pressure by reabsorbing sodium salts and water to increase sodium and water retentions. (Beevers, Lip, and O'Brien 2001)
Blood pressure is measured by two pressures; the systolic and diastolic. The systolic pressure, the top number, is the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts. The diastolic pressure, the bottom number, measures the pressure between heartbeats. A normal blood pressure is when the systolic pressure is less than 120mmHg and Diastolic pressure is less than 80mmHg. Hypertension is diagnosed when the systolic pressure is greater than 140mmHg and the diastolic pressure is greater than 90mmHg. The physician may also ask about medical history, family history, life style habits, and medication use that could also contribute to hypertension
High Blood Pressure and Heart disease: There are a number of factors that causes high blood pressure and heart disease like smoking, drinking heredity, obesity, and excessive intake of fats, but one of the most important factors that lead to high blood pressure and heart disease is stress. Laughter definitely helps to control blood pressure by reducing the release of stress related hormones and bringing relaxation.