The Main Driving Forces Behind the Supranational Integration of the Schuman Plan
Many consider Jean Monnet to be the founder of European unity. Born in
Cognac in 1888 he became an established coordinator in international
affairs during the two world wars. Yet it is the invention of the
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) for which he is best
recognized. This was the first economic community to be set up in
Europe, and was announced in 1950 by Robert Schuman, the French
Minister of Foreign Affairs at the time. It became known as the
Schuman Declaration, and proposed the pooling of French and German
resources of coal and steel under a ‘High Authority’, i.e.
supranational integration on an economic basis. Dell believes that the
plan was promoted as a first step towards a federal Europe[1].
Although it was really instigated by the French, there were four key
players in the run up to the ECSC.
France, Britain, the United States and Germany had been directly
involved in the cataclysmic world wars of the twentieth century and
had to deal with the aftermath. The Second World War was ‘the most
destructive conflict in human history… it caused the deaths of almost
60 million people[2]. Britain had been one of the chief powers in the
Second World War, having declared war on Germany in 1939 with France.
However after 1945 the continental countries of Europe were left in a
state of devastation, whereas Britain did not suffer the consequences
of the war in the same way. She was separated from the rest of Europe
by water and despite suffering intense air raids; was never occupied
by German troops. In fact, a German soldier had not even set foo...
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...] A. Carls et al, ‘"Functionalism" and "Federalism" in the European
Union’, The Centre for Public Justice,
http://www.cpjustice.org/stories/storyReader$724, 2002.
[8] I. McLean et al, Oxford Concise Dictionary of Politics, second
edition, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, p.194.
[9] E. Haas, The Uniting of Europe, London: Stevens and Sons Limited,
1958, p.455.
[10] ‘The Schumanplan Declaration’, Leiden University Historical
Institute,
http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/rtg/res1/declaration.html,
01/03/2004.
[11] Arter, op. cite., p. 122.
[12] Dedman, op. cite., p. 63.
[13] Dell, op. cite., p.16.
[14] Europa Gateway to the EU,
http://europa.eu.int/ecsc/results/index_en.htm, 14/05/05.
[15] D. Urwin, Western Europe since 1945, fourth edition, London:
Longman Inc., 1989, p. 105.
Once the war was over, it was safe enough for her to travel. The reason why she traveled
Most of their work became invisible and the women were referred to as amateurs. Many historians consider this time after the war as gender amnesia because everyone after the war forgot all the women did. Women were credited for their contributions. This amnesia caused the women to lose the little inclusion that they had and not many fought this because of the urge to go back to normalcy (Berkin). If the need to become a strong and steady nation had not meant a push back to normalcy, the women may not have been set back as much in terms of inclusion.
The Schlieffen Plan and How It Was Meant to Work France had made an alliance with Russia that said that nether country could attack the other. This was done to defend against a German attack because both countries border Germany and this made them very vulnerable. Germanys army was not strong enough to attack both France and Russia at the same time. Because of this, the Fuhrer wanted another way that Germany could attack both countries without the army being too weak at one front and being beaten there and not having the other half of the army ready to fight. A plan was formed called the Schlieffen plan.
With her husband away at battle, she became the leader of the land, taking full advantage of th...
... The Portuguese changed her name to Romana, and she later went back to Africa (Nigeria) and acts as though she is a European. She then becomes very involved in legitimate commerce and that whole movement. It is ironic that she changed so dramatically and it could have perhaps stemmed from fear of what she thought may happen to her.
withdrew from the war in 1797 which left Britain the only country fighting in France.
many men were involved in the war, women finally had their chance to take on many of
...s that there were people in Europe that hated this. Her 'gaurdians' were not on the undisireables list, but they were risking their lives for the Franks. It shows the loyalty in those people.
But as the war came to an end, things had changed and women who had
...fied by the migrant, as almost all of the migrant’s immigrations were interregional, therefore she never left the country of Japan. All of the interregional migrations were in the general area surrounding the East China Sea.
...ut to leaver her children who desperately pleaded for her. The saddened case was not an isolated but a common reality for many of the freed people who wished to reunite their dislocated families.
camps due to her sexual preference. All in order to control the lives of every
had to carry on working the family farm by herself. With the death of his
Women were not only separated by class, but also by their gender. No woman was equal to a man and didn’t matter how rich or poor they were. They were not equal to men. Women couldn’t vote own business or property and were not allowed to have custody of their children unless they had permission from their husband first. Women’s roles changed instantly because of the war. They had to pick up all the jobs that the men had no choice but to leave behind. They were expected to work and take care of their homes and children as well. Working outside the home was a challenge for these women even though the women probably appreciated being able to provide for their families. “They faced shortages of basic goods, lack of childcare and medical care, little training, and resistance from men who felt they should stay home.” (p 434)
This of course would change quickly as the town the she lived in began to prepare for the war. When the great war broke out and the outcomes were felt in England, Vera's goals and dreams were becoming more of a dream than a reality. It must be said that although the War brought on many challenges, it was Vera's ambition that allowed her to keep moving forward and that ambition kept her mind in the right place during many triangulations. When the Great War broke out her brother postponed his education to serve in the army for the good cause, it can be said that Verda saw this as a humble move that moved her into completing a one year course, which gave her the ability to help people by becoming a nurse for the Red Cross. It must be mentioned that although Verda became a nurse in the Red Cross, she did not find the work disagreeable, however her ambition did not allow her to quit.... ...