Abstract: Our group was curious about the stages of the cell cycle in living tissue, generally and specifically in the meristematic cells of the root of garlic and hence considered the duration of the stages of mitosis in relation to the whole cell cycle and compared it to how mitosis was affected after applying petroleum jelly on the garlic root. The first part of the experiment was examining the normal cells of the garlic root and focusing on the shape and cell cycle of those cells. After considering various products that mutate genes, we chose petroleum jelly as a mutagen and applied it to the cells of the garlic root for three days. The cells of the normal garlic root were mostly characterized by a dark dot in the middle of the cell while …show more content…
Blot as much excess water from the root tips as possible. Any excess water on the slide will affect your results. Do not allow the root tips to dry out, however.
9. Using a scalpel, cut off the end of one of the emergent root tips; the section should be approximately 1 to 2 mm long. Place the root tip on a clean microscope slide and apply two or three drops of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to the root tip.
10. Holding the slide with a clothespin, pass it through the flame of a Bunsen burner for five seconds. Pass the slide through the flame of the Bunsen burner. Do not hold the slide directly in or over the flame.
11. Without harming the root tip, blot the specimen with a paper towel to remove the excess HCl. You may wish to touch a corner of the paper towel to the drop on the slide and allow the paper towel to soak it up. This may not remove the liquid from the slide as effectively as blotting, but it will not disturb the root tip.
12. Add a few drops of carbol fuchsin stain, covering the root tip.
13. Pass the slide through the flame of the Bunsen burner for two minutes. Let the slide stand for one minute. Pass the slide through the flame of the Bunsen burner. Do not hold the slide directly in or over the
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In our experiment, the controlled, normal garlic roots were found to have the majority of cells to be in the interphase. These cells were characterized by a dark dot in the middle of the cell representing the nucleus condensing and duplicating chromosomes. When examining the garlic roots exposed to petroleum jelly, their cells were found to have a big white space in the middle, showing no evidence of there being a nucleus or any signs of mitosis. These results can be concluded to show that petroleum jelly was able to stop the cell cycle of the garlic root as its nuclear membrane seems to have disintegrated and was never able to form again like it usually does in the end of mitosis. There is a Gap 0 (G0) phase when a cell will leave the cycle and quit dividing and this what seemed to happen in the experiment. The cells are not able to duplicate chromosomes anymore, and therefore are not able to divide. The checkpoints also are a part of the formation of the nuclear envelope, further supporting both our hypothesis and the results of the experiment. An error that might have altered our results was due to the instructor taking out the garlic root out of the jar past the 24 hour interval that mitosis goes through. As the variable garlic roots were placed
4. Pour about 300mL of tap water into the beaker. Set up a hot-water bath using a hot plate, retort stand, and thermometer clamp. Alternatively, use a Bunsen burner, retort stand, ring clamp, thermometer clamp, and wire gauze.
Each cell contains the same genetic code as the parent cell, it is able to do this because it has copied it’s own chromosomes prior to cell death. division. The. Meiosis consists of two divisions whilst mitosis is followed. in one division; both these processes involve the stages of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
The process of mitosis can take place in either a haploid (23 chromosomes) or a diploid (46 chromosomes) cell. Before a cell can be ready for a mitotic division it must primarily undergo its interphase stage. Following the interphase stage several other stages come into play. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During each specific stage certain sequences of events take place that assist to the completion of the division.
Cell division is extremely important; cells must divide in order to maintain an efficient volume to surface area ratio, allow organisms to grow and develop, and repair any damaged tissue. Cells are able to do all this through two processes: meiosis and mitosis. Without these processes, humans would not be able to do many of the basic functions we are so accustomed to, including growing, healing even the smallest cuts, and even reproducing! However, meiosis and mitosis, although both procedures for cell division, are very different.
After ten minutes had passed, I collected the ingredients needed to perform a gram stain. I got the primary stain, crystal violet, and flooded my smear for sixty seconds, and then rinsed the color off with water until the water ran clear. I then flooded the smear with the mordant, grams of iodine, and let that sit on the slide for sixty seconds as well. I then rinsed the grams of iodine off with water and applied alcohol to the smear to decolorize the cells; however I made sure not to over decolorize and only put enough drops on the smear till the purple ran clear. I then rinsed the slide with water and flooded the smear with safranin, the counter stain and let it sit for sixty seconds and then rinsed the color off with water.
Prepare casts of the leaves surfaces by painting the adaxial (top surface) of one leaf and the abaxial (bottom surface) of the other leaf with clear nail polish. Allow the nail polish to dry for approximately 10 minutes. While the nail polish is drying, label microscope slides as either adaxial (top of the leaf) or abaxial (bottom of the leaf). Cut a piece of sellotape approximately 1.5 cm in length. Fold the tape over on itself leaving 0.5 cm of sticky surface exposed.
The study of cells is not limited to describing structures. A central concept in modern cytology is that each structure has a function that may be understood as a series of biochemical reactions. The understanding of these functions has been greatly aided by the development of cell fractionation techniques, using an ultracentrifuge to separate specific intracellular structures from the rest of the cell. Another technique is tissue culture, by which specific kinds of cells can be isolated and grown for study.
The differences between the phases of mitosis and meiosis are that in mitosis, it has 1 cell division, duplicates the DNA, occurs in somatic cells, and no crossing over happens. In meiosis, it has 2 cell divisions, reduces the DNA, occurs in gametes or sperm and egg cells, while crossing over happens. They are both similar in which they both create daughter cells, headed by at least one round of DNA replication, and have similar stages for cell division.
1. Obtain a clean, dry crucible and lid, then heat them for approximately 5 minutes over a Bunsen burner
2. In the large beaker, put water and boil it completely. After that, remove the beaker from heat. 3. Sample tubes (A-D) should be labeled and capped tightly.
Tissue culture allows for the clonal propagation of plant (production of multiple copies of the same genotype).
Asexual propagation is the process through which reproduction without passage through the seed cycle occurs. The advantages of asexual propagation are that it preserves genetic makeup, propagates seedless plants, disease control, rapid production, the plants are identical, cheaper, faster and easier reducing or avoiding juvenility. The disadvantages of asexual propagation are that it increases disease and insect susceptibility, plants are bulky, and the mother plants could become contaminated. The goal of this experiment was to determine the development of adventitious roots and shoots, and observe these plants over a period of five weeks. Due to auxin being produced in the tip, tip cuttings should root faster than any other cuttings. Auxin is a plant hormone that is responsible for cell elongation and enlargement, root formation, and growth. There are two forms of auxins; phototropism, which is produced in the tip and moves downward on the side away from the light and gravitropism, which is where plant roots grow downward and plant shoots grow upward.(Plant Auxin 201...
Prepare silica gel column. Add 6 g of silica gel in 20 mL of hexane to make a slurry. Block column with small piece of glass wool, add 5 mL of hexane and then add the silica slurry up to the 10 cm mark.
There are certain things that must happen first before the cell can actually split. There is a six step process required during Mitosis. The first five steps of mitosis are called prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. This is where all the training and preparation is done for cell division. The sixth step is Cytokinesis, and that is when the cell literally splits into two. Like I said, there are certain things in order to happen before it can enter the M phase. first, it must meet the requirements of the certain size and environment. Since in the S phase the cell duplicated it’s amount of chromosomes it be represented as 2N, where N equals the number of chromosomes in the cell. Cells about to enter M phase, which have passed through S phase and replicated their DNA, have 4N chromosomes. Because of this they are now allowed to enter within the M phase to prophase. Here is where the cell thickens up its chromosomes and begin to sprout microtubules from clone centrosomes. Microtubules tub-like are protein filaments and where the chromosomes migrate but are still within the nuclear envelope in the nucleus. There are centromeres, that are inside the chromosomes and during the later process of this phase, specialized microtubules called kinetochores, assemble on the centromere then later attach to these sites. They act like magnets and go
Technology in the last few decades has impacted our understanding of biological entities greatly, the genome project being a prime example. The progress that biology sees follows closely with the development of new technology. It is very important to understand and visualise the composition and structures of biological materials or samples in order to extend and correlate this to the principles of life. Microscopy is a by far the most used and the most relevant technique in this regard. However the short comings in the technological aspect of this greatly limit the usage of this to comprehend the specifics.