Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases which predominantly affects the elderly. The peak incidence is at roughly 70 years however, rare childhood cases have also been reported. There is no racial or ethnic predilection associated with MMP but the condition does appear to be twice as common in women than it is in men. For completeness, MMP is also termed cicatricial pemphigoid, oral pemphigoid and ocular pemphigoid. MMP is a chronic autoimmune disease that is recognized by sub-epithelial blistering lesions and eventual scarring of the mucous membranes, skin, or even both. Affected membranes may include the conjunctiva, oesophagus, trachea, nasopharynx, larynx, genitourinary tract, and anus. Of these, the most commonly affected are the oral mucosa and conjunctiva. In less common cases the skin may also be involved – 20-30% of cases …show more content…
It is an autoimmune disorder i.e. it occurs when the body produces autoantibodies against healthy ‘self’ tissue. In MMP, these produced autoantibodies react with target proteins (antigens) located in mucous membranes and skin tissue. More specifically, the autoantibodies attack the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of the epithelium. The BMZ functions in holding the outer layer of skin onto the underlying tissues therefore, when the BMZ is attacked and destroyed by the autoantibodies, the skin is no longer anchored down, allowing it to lift off and produce blisters.Immunological studies have revealed the precise targets of these autoantibodies are antigens which include BP180 and laminin 5 amongst other suggestions such as the subunits of the α6β4 integrins, Collagen VII and BP230. It has been suggested that affected individuals may have a genetic susceptibility to the development of some forms of MMP. Of course, the development of such cases would likely be multifactorial by requiring contribution of immunological, genetic, environmental, and other several
To begin we will look at the integumentary system and its entire multitude of functions. The main components of the integumentary system are the skin, hair, nails, glands and nerves. For the purpose of this paper we will focus mainly on the levels of the skin and their functions. While the integumentary
Marfan syndrome is an inherited disorder that affects the connective tissue of the body (“What is Marfan Syndrome?” n.d.). The connective tissue plays a vital role in supported the tendons, heart valves, cartilage, blood vessels, and more parts of the body (“Connective Tissue,” n.d.). “What is Marfan Syndrome?” (n.d.) explains that the condition has no cure, and those who have it lack strength in their connective tissue, affecting their bone, eyes, skin, nervous system, and lungs. Furthermore, Marfan syndrome is common, and it is imperative to understand how the body is affected by it, the symptoms, and the treatment of this condition.
Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(1):124–125. Puchenkova, S. G. (1996). "
...ons in the size and distribution of the major collagen fibrils of the dermis. J Invest Dermatol. 108(3):241-7 [PubMed: 9036918] Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9036918
Gas in 1968 described Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE) as being a condition that caused acute and rapid loss of central vision due to multiple pale lesions at the level of Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the posterior pole. (1) It is a self-limiting condition which recovers spontaneously over a three weeks period leaving residual pigment epithelial alterations.(2) The typical features in acute phase include cream colored placoid lesions at the level of RPE, early hypofluorescence and late hyperfluorescence of the lesions on Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA).(2) It is usually followed by a viral flu like prodrome in 1/3 of the patients. Neurological manifestations of APMPPE include Headaches being commonest while others are paraesthesias, vertigo, psychosis and more severe complications, Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis stroke and cerebral vasculitis.(3, 4) Association of APMPPE with systemic Vasculitis in the patients with positive perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody has been reported.(5, 6) Other systemic inflammatory diseases suggesting an underlying immune mediated or an inflammatory mechanism include erythema nodosum,(7-9) juvenile rheumatoid arthritis,(10) thyroiditis,(11, 12) nephritis,(5, 6, 13) ulcerative colitis(14) and Adenoviral infections(15) . Many granulomatous diseases have documented associations with APMPPE, including Wegener’s granulomatosis,(16-18) Pulmonary tuberculosis(19) and Sarcoidosis.
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
HZ patients typically present with a characteristic, distinguishing unilateral, localized, vesicular eruption in dermatome distribution, that is often followed by an intensive localized prodromal pain. In rare instances, it is acco...
Advantages of genetic testing may be helpful in determining whether or not you have a disease or are proba...
“Immune Response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .
Mumps is primarily a childhood disease, occurring most frequently between the ages of 5 to 9, although it was also known as a problem for soldiers during war because of the sanitary conditions and close proximity. For instance, in World War I only influenza and gonorrhea were more prevalent among the armies. It replicates inside the nose, throat, and regional lymph nodes. The virus incubates for about 14-18 days, and then a viremia occurs for about 3-5 days. During the viremia it can spread to the meninges, salivary glands, testes, ovaries and pancreas. Out of the infected population, 30 to 40% get swollen parotid salivary glands, with most of the rest being asymptomatic or having only respiratory problems. Around 60% of patients have asymptomatic meningitis, with up to 15% progressing to symptomatic. Encephalitis is also possible, occurring in around 5/100,000 cases. The encephalitis almost always results in some permanent hearing loss, and was historically the leading cause of hearing loss in children. Orchitis (testicular swelling) happens in up to 50% of post-pubertal males, with oophritis (ovarian swelling) happening in only 5% of women. Orchitis often results in testicular atrophy but very rarely in sterility.
It is the disease of interstitial keratitis with deafness and vertigo attacks. Ataxic incidents may occasionally report. Abnormal MRI scans are of rare complaints. Deafness is very rare incidence in multiple sclerosis. Plus, cerebrospinal fluid readings are normal.
It is commonly diagnosed in childhood but can arise at any age and is not currently
The second layer of the skin is called the dermis and is also known as the middle layer. The dermis is what holds the body together. The dermis has layers to it as well as the epidermis. There are two layers to the dermis, the papillary layer and the reticular layer. The cells of the dermis are fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells, and scattered white blood cells (wbc’s). the dermis is richly supplied with nerve fibers and BV;s. dermal BV’s is also a part of the integumentary system, dermal BV,s have converging and diverging vessels that ar...
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder, easily identified by its symptoms of white, scaly skin and red lesions, though not so easily cured or understood. In psoriasis, skin cells mature faster than the body can shed them, causing a buildup. Although there are many theories as to what the cause of such a disease might be – genetics, stress, or other triggers – no one is quite sure why the disease occurs, or what could be a possible way to fully cure it. In this essay we will explore the symptoms, types, and effects of this condition, and also some of the known treatments.
disease is coughing, rapid breathing, discharge from the nose and eyes, swelling near the neck