1. The advantage of mini-cycle for the glucose metabolism will be less consuming time to produce glucose 6 phosphate because oxaloacetate can be produced rapidly from alpha-ketoglutarate. If there is deficiency of glucose 6 phosphates, the body can use mini-cycle to produce it by converting oxaloacetate (278). The disadvantage will always need enough oxygen to process this reaction because mini-cycle is aerobic metabolism (304). For the fatty acid metabolism, citrate can produce rapidly from alpha-ketoglutarate instead of using long general pathway of TCA cycle. When citrate is produced from oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA in mitochondria, it will transfer to cytoplasm when beta-oxidation is suppressed. Then, citrate will convert into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. …show more content…
When citrate is not able to produce from mini-cycle, oxaloacetate can be used to produce pyruvate so that it helps regulate the cycle. For the disadvantage, if either oxaloacetate or alpha-ketoglutarate way is blocked, citrate cannot be produce and fatty acid synthesis will rarely happen (436). For the advantage of protein metabolism will be regulation of energy by oxaloacetate and producing aspartate immediately. During the Krebs bicycle, aspartate used in urea synthesis is regulated from oxaloacetate. Since these two factors can be produced faster in the mini-cycle than other places, it is benefit. For the disadvantage, if oxaloacetate way is blocked, then Kreb bicycle will not run well due to lack of aspartate and oxaloacetate
Data from Table 1. confirms the theory that as the concentration of glucose increases so will the absorbance of the solution when examined with the glucose oxidase/horseradish peroxidase assay. Glucose within the context of this assay is determined by the amount of ferricyanide, determined by absornace, which is produced in a one to one ratio.1 Furthermore when examining the glucose standards, a linear calibration curve was able to be produced (shown as Figure 1). Noted the R2 value of the y = 1.808x - 0.0125 trend line is 0.9958, which is statistically considered linear. From this calibration curve the absorbance values of unknowns samples can be compared, and the correlated glucose concentration can then be approximated.
In the lab, Inhibiting the Action of Catechol Oxidase we had to investigate what type of enzyme inhibition occurs when an inhibitor is added. Catechol oxidase is an enzyme in plants that creates benzoquinone.Benzoquinone is a substance that is toxic to bacteria. It is brown and is the reason fruit turns brown. Now, there are two types of inhibitors, the competitive inhibitor and non-competitive inhibitor. For an enzyme reaction to occur a substrate has to bind or fit into the active site of the enzyme. In competitive inhibition there is a substrate and an inhibitor present, both compete to bind to the active site. If the competitive inhibitor binds to the active site it stops the reaction. A noncompetitive inhibitor binds to another region
Table 6 shows the results of the biochemical tests. The isolate can obtain its energy by means of aerobic respiration but not fermentation. In the Oxidation-Fermentation test, a yellow color change was produced only under both aerobic conditions, indicating that the EI can oxidize glucose to produce acidic products. In addition to glucose, the EI can also utilize lactose and sucrose, and this deduction is based on the fact that the color of the test medium broth changed to yellow in all three Phenol Red Broth tests. These results are further supported by the results of the Triple Sugar Iron Agar test. Although the EI does perform fermentation of these three carbohydrates, it appears that this bacterium cannot perform mixed acid fermentation nor 2,3-butanediol fermentation due to the lack of color change in Methyl Red and Vogues-Proskauer
Slide 6— the lactic acid system starts to kick in at maximum intensity for approximately 20 seconds to 3 mins, a different fuel source is used; this fuel comes in the form of muscle glycogen. The glucose plus energy creates pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid will then be converted into lactic acid, once the lactic acid gathers in the muscles, the process slows down, leading to muscle fatigue. Due to the high intensity of the activity, oxygen is not available in the quantities required to break down the lactic acid. For every molecule of glycogen broken down, 3 of ATP are re-synthesised (AMEZDROZ et al. 2011, P. 209)
It breaks down glucose and forms pyruvate with the production of two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis starts out by glucose binding with two phosphate from two ATP molecules, then the ATP is converted to ADP and this is called phosphorylation. The six carbon product of phosphorylation splits into two molecules of PGAL. PGAL molecules bond with two more phosphate and hydrogens are removed. NAD picks up the hydrogen to become NADH+H. Phosphate groups are removed from the carbon compound form into ATP and pyruvic acid. There are two carbon compound so therefore there are four ATPs produced. Pyruvic acid is now available for cellular respiration.From here the process of either aerobic or anaerobic respiration occurs based on the
When the aerobic organisms in the body consume all the oxygen present, anaerobic organisms from the digestive system begin to multiply. They consume macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids) and form acids and gases in the p...
The absorptive state is the time during and right after eating a meal. The absorptive state lasts for four hours, during and after each meal. During this state glucose is the most important energy fuel. Amino acids and fats are used to form degraded protein, and small amounts are used to provide ATP. Metabolites are transformed to fat if they are not used for anabolism. Glucose is formed by the conversion of fructose and galactose, which are stored in the liver from the entrance of monosaccharides. Glucose is released into the blood, or converted to glycogen and fat. Some glucose enters the liver and is used for energy, and any that is not used will be stored in skeletal muscle as glycogen or in adipose cells as fat. Liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose cells use triglycerides as their primary energy source. Amino acid are also used by the liver to synthesize plasma proteins. Essentially all of the events that occur in the absorptive state are directed by insulin.
The lactate dehydrogenase is an important enzyme involved in fermentation process. The objective this experiment is to extract, purify and characterize the kinetic behavior of lactate dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle. Ammonium sulfate suspension, Affi-Gel Blue chromatography and dialysis techniques are used to purify the enzyme. The enzyme assay is used study about the activity while Lowry assay is used to determine the protein concentration and purification efficiency. The LDH purification factor is 14 fold while the recovery of the protein is 59% based on Lowry standard curve. An unknown inhibitor behavior also studied and determined to competitive. The Vmax, Km and KI values of pyruvate is successfully quantified as such 0.36A340/min,0.14
All three systems regulate energy production as they help create ATP. The creatine phosphate system is the first system mentioned as it is the quickest of the systems. In this system, there is a reversible reaction, where phosphocreatine and ADP form ATP and creatine. This reaction happens quickly and therefore the system does not provide long lasting energy; however, there is a large amount of energy production in this short amount of time. Activity beyond a few seconds requires more substantial energy production, as with anaerobic glycolysis. In anaerobic glycolysis, glucose is transformed into pyruvate and 2 net ATP are also produced. There is enough ATP production for about 2 minutes of activity. Also, 2 NADH are produced that are then
In the Kreb's cycle, there are several steps that take place. There are three main pathways for energy production, these are glycoses, citric acid cycle, and oxidative-phosphorylation(Krebs Cycle Facts for Kids). The process in the cycle makes ATP, NADH, and FADH2. I will try to explain the steps in the shortest way possible and the best to my knowledge. The first
In Cellular respiration, glucose enters the body and is broken down by glycolysis. For prokaryotes, cellular respiration is performed in the cytoplasm or inner surfaces of the cell, while eukaryotes perform it in in the mitochondria. In Glycolysis, a process in the cytosol, two ATP are invested to produce two pyruvates, two water molecules, four ATP, two NADH and two hydrogen ions. Following glycolysis is Pyruvate oxidation, which oxidizes the pyruvates from glycolysis to acetyl CoA and NAD+ to NADH+H+ and a CO2 waste. After pyruvate oxidation is the Kreb’s cycle, which occurs in the mitochondria. This cycle oxidizes Acetyl
Lactate is made from the anaerobic metabolism of glucose which travels to the liver and is converted back to glucose via gluconeogenesis; that cycle is the Cori cycle. Since the patient cannot break down glycogen to glucose, the Cori cycle could not be completed because there will not be any glucose 6-phosphate made into lactate by a pyruvate.
...ect on ketone body production. Ketone bodies have important role of body as energy sources specifically in emergent condition due to blocked glucose supply in the body. Fatty acids are normally metabolised through citric acid cycle after it is formed into acetyl CoA though, it is used for ketogenesis;β-oxidisation is occur to generate ketone body during glucose supply is insufficient. Ketone bodies are vital in terms of surviving with little or non energy source supply and saving nitorogen loss from the body. Ketone bodies produced in the liver are not used in the liver though it is used as primal energy source in the brain, skeletal muscle, heart and kidneys. However, prolonged ketogenesis can cause ketoacidosis which can expose the body to danger causing dehydration or comatose. Therefore ketone production seems to be controlled by several hormones and enzymes.
During anaerobic there is inadequate quantity of oxygen, which means that the muscle cells in our body function in “emergency mode” in such a way that they have to break down glucose inadequately when producing lactic acid as an alternative product.