1. The issue of resource utilization shows up in different forms in different types of operating systems. List what resources must be managed carefully in the following settings: a. Mainframe or minicomputer systems b. Workstations connected to servers c. Mobile computers 2. How are network computers different from traditional personal computers? Describe some usage scenarios in which it is advantageous to use network computers. 3. What is the purpose of interrupts? How does an interrupt differ from a trap? Can traps be generated intentionally by a user program? If so, for what purpose? 4. Direct memory access is used for high-speed I/O devices in order to avoid increasing the CPU’s execution load. a. How does the CPU interface with the device to coordinate the b. How does the CPU know when the memory operations are complete? c. The CPU is …show more content…
These attributes services as resources of system calls for user process execution. • File manipulation instructions: If a code program of any type (c, c++, and java) want to run, operating system itself should have file manipulation instructions. These instructions acts interface between source codes to target codes like compiler, interpreters by compiling the code. • Files mapping into permanent storage and back up files in nonvolatile storage. 9. Would it be possible for the user to develop a new command interpreter using system-call interface provided by the operating system? Answer: User should be able to create a new interpreter by using system call interface, instructions provided by the OS. And the developed interpreter must allow a user to determine ways to create and manage processes through files and channels (communication). By this way all this process are accessed by an user level program using system calls and user should be able to develop a new command -line
When using routers, you need many routers in order to route the information to the correct location, as one router will not be able to manage this task. Explain how the routing schemes handle this problem.
1.) Based on your own knowledge of some of the application types discussed in class(lecture 1), explain, with examples, why different application types require specialized software engineering techniques to support their design and development.
Rules. Establish ground rules that everyone must abide by, such as no hitting, name-calling, teasing, or damaging one another’s property. Allow them the chance to voice their opinion on how these rules will be established and enforced. Dan Brennan, MD, suggests letting the children take part in the decision-making process gives them a sense of competence, letting them feel as if they have control over their own lives. (WebMD) We had rules in our home. We knew what they were, why they were there, and what would happen if we disobeyed those rules. This tip was invaluable to my parents, and any other parents, in my opinion.
1. Invasion games offer a prime opportunity for educators to insure SHAPE National PE Standard 5 is addressed in their curriculum. These goal-oriented games combine invading another team’s territory and protecting one’s own territory with offensive and defensive maneuvers while using a plethora of manipulative skills. Invasion play provides health, enjoyment, challenge, and self-expression during social interaction.
Not long ago computers were non-existent in many homes. When computers were first introduced to the world, they were for the sole purpose of performing business functions. The only people who owned computers were large organizations. Eventually, computers were introduced into the homes of those who could afford to buy them. Today, just about everyone owns some form of system that they use daily to help manage their day-to-day operations. What many once survived without now seems impossible to do without. As technology continues to grow, it has a greater effect on families and the education system. Some companies such as Microsoft and Apple made it possible to reinvent a new form of technology that would change the world. Each company had some form of struggle and overtime had to keep up with the changes of time and the way people communicated. From the first day of its invention, organizations have had to steadily implement new operating systems to keep up with the demands of the people while staying afloat with competitors. The ways of life for many have changed as well as the way people communicate. It is evident that the history and uses of computers have changed the world but these computers could not perform without the operating systems. Various operating systems will be discussed, how they began and how they each changed since they were first introduced. Although, they all had a purpose each varied in how they performed and changed the lives of many and will continue in the near future.
In 1980, James Anderson’s paper, Computer Security Threat Monitoring and Surveillance, bore the notion of intrusion detection. Through government funding and serious corporate interest allowed for intrusion detection systems(IDS) to develope into their current state. So what exactly is IDS? An IDS is used to detect malicious network traffic and computer usage through attack signatures. The IDS watches for attacks not only from incoming internet traffic but also for attacks that originate in the system. When a potential attack is detected the IDS logs the information and sends an alert to the console. How the alert is detected and handled at is dependent on the type of IDS in place. Through this paper we will discuss the different types of IDS and how they detect and handle the alerts, the difference between a passive and a reactive system and some general IDS intrusion invasion techniques.
The Ada language is the result of the most extensive and most expensive language design effort ever undertaken. The United States Department of Defense (DoD) was concerned in the 1970¡¦s by the number of different programming languages being used for its projects, some of which were proprietary and/or obsolete. Up until 1974, half of the applications at the DoD were embedded systems. An embedded system is one where the computer hardware is embedded in the device it controls. More than 450 programming languages were used to implement different DoD projects, and none of them were standardized. As a result of this, software was rarely reused. For these reasons, the Army, Navy, and Air Force proposed to develop a high-level language for embedded systems (The Ada Programming Language). In 1975 the Higher Order Language Working Group (HOLWG) was formed with the intent of reducing this number by finding or creating a programming language generally suitable for the department's requirements.
The multithreaded GUI (Graphical User Interface) based programs are able to respond to the users while performing other tasks.
Windows operating system is established by the Microsoft. Graphical user interface is program to h...
Memory management is important in all operating systems, the speed at which the processes can be run is affected by their location, whether it is currently stored in memory or on disk, the location in turn affects the speed, as processes which are located in memory do not require additional time to be loaded in from disk. Memory Management is also important for efficient use of the memory, to have as little fragmentation or unusable space as possible. The location of data and how it is stored and retrieved are all part if memory management. The methods by which memory is managed is not standard across operating systems. To investigate the differences between memory management in different systems these key areas must be looked at.
Portable Operating System Interfaces for Computing Environment, POSIX for short and it also known as, IEEE Std 1003.1. The standard was originally developed, in order to improve the portability of UNIX environment applications. It is a programmatic level interface core standard for portable operating systems and was created by a number of a different committees organized through the aegis of the IEEE. The POSIX standard provides source-level C language API to the operating system. Nevertheless, POSIX is not limited to UNIX or UNIX-like environment, many other operating systems, such as DEC, OpenVMS and Microsoft Windows NT support the POSIX standard, particularly the POSIX.1 version. POSIX.1 has been recognized and accepted by the ISO, Therefore POSIX.1 also known as ISO / IEC 9945-1:1990 standards.
The significance of the role of the Operation System (OS) in the overall Information Technology employment sector cannot be undervalued. Indeed, it is hard to talk about technical skill-sets or the practical application of such skill-sets without at least some underlying understanding of their context within a computer operating system environment. From hardware specifications and requirements, user technical support, system administration and security, to software development and system implementation, operating systems are an integral part of the information technology and computing world in all its aspects, and it is difficult to form a concrete demarcation between specialized careers in this industry and the concept of the computer operating system.
Three types of user interfaces are command driven, interface menu driven, and interface graphical user interface. A command line interface is basically just a plain screen, usually white text on a black background, such as MS-DOS or the Command Prompt in Windows, where a user can type in commands into the input. As an overall statement, a CLI requires that the user know their material in order for it to be effective. The CLI offers users enormous elasticity in that a single command can be executed with a range of arguments, but the effectiveness is in direct proportion to how many commands and arguments for a command that the user is aware of. Also, the CLI can sporadically present certain actions that are completely unavailable in a GUI. For instance, the DOS command "ren *.txt *.bak" will change the extension of all .TXT files to .BAK, while leaving the filename intact. A batch rename of this type is not possible through the GUI. Lastly, CLI commands and arguments can be used to create scripts, such as a bash shell script or a DOS batch file. If the user knows the exact commands necessary to perform an action, this scripted series of events can be kept to a single executable text file.
There are many clients which are connected to a server. The main server is connected to the internet, whereas all the clients can connect to the server because the server permits and shares connection from all of the authorized clients. Two other methods of inter process communications are pipes and message queuing. A pipe is used to transfer information between two programs. Message queuing is also used for the transfer of information, but the information is transferred using a system managed queue. The advantage of a message queue is that it can be created for one process and can be used by multiple
Operating system and the rest of the software should be modular. Each small module performs a function and may take parameters. For example, a web browser uses an HTML renderer to display a webpage. In turn, the HTML renderer uses a jpg-renderer to display jpg images. An e-mail program might use the same HTML renderer. The rich collection of functions (with application program interfaces) makes writing programs much easier, greatly reduces the need to write the same functionality many times, and allows the same program to work on different computers. Modularity is also essential for stability and internal security of a complex program--failure of some modules to work properly should affect only the functions the modules perform and (usually) should not cause the program to crash or become unnecessarily insecure. Moreover, proper multi-tasking (see below) ensures that a delay in a non-essential module does not excessively delay the program.