NIKE, INC.: COST OF CAPITAL
On July 5, 2001, Kimi Ford, a portfolio manager at NorthPoint Group, a mutual-fund management firm, pored over analysts' write-ups of Nike, Inc., the athletic-shoe manufacturer. Nike's share price had declined significantly from the beginning of the year. Ford was considering buying some shares for the fund she managed, the NorthPoint Large-Cap Fund, which invested mostly in Fortune 500 companies, with an emphasis on value investing. Its top holdings included ExxonMobil, General Motors, McDonald's, 3M, and other large-cap, generally old-economy stocks. While the stock market had declined over the last 18 months, the NorthPoint Large-Cap Fund had performed extremely well. In 2000, the fund earned a return of
20.7%, even as the S&P 500 fell 10.1%. At the end of June 2001, the fund's year-to-date returns stood at 6.4% versus −7.3% for the S&P 500.
Only a week earlier, on June 28, 2001, Nike had held an analysts' meeting to disclose its fiscal-year 2001 results.1 The meeting, however, had another purpose: Nike management wanted to communicate a strategy for revitalizing the company. Since 1997, its revenues had plateaued at around $9 billion, while net income had fallen from almost $800 million to $580 million (see Exhibit 1). Nike's market share in U.S. athletic shoes had fallen from 48%, in 1997, to 42% in 2000.2 In addition, recent supply-chain issues and the adverse effect of a strong dollar had negatively affected revenue.
At the meeting, management revealed plans to address both top-line growth and operating performance. To boost revenue, the company would develop more athletic-shoe products in the midpriced segment3a segment that Nike had overlooked...
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... cost of equity using the capital-asset-pricing model (CAPM). Other methods, such as the dividend-discount model (DDM) and the earnings-capitalization ratio, can be used to estimate the cost of equity. In my opinion, however, the CAPM is the superior method.
My estimate of Nike's cost of equity is 10.5%. I used the current yield on 20-year Treasury bonds as my risk-free rate, and the compound average premium of the market over Treasury bonds (5.9%) as my risk premium. For beta, I took the average of Nike's betas from 1996 to the present.
Putting It All Together
Inputting all my assumptions into the WACC formula, my estimate of Nike's cost of capital is 8.4%.
WACC = Kd(1 − t) × D/(D + E) + Ke × E/(D + E)
= 2.7% × 27.0% + 10.5% × 73.0%
= 8.4%
1 Debt balances as of May 31, 2000 and 2001, were $1,444.6 million and $1,296.6 million, respectively.
In order to do this the WACC approach will be used based on the assumption that leverage will stay constant after 2012. Industry average of debt/value is 28.1 percent and debt/equity 71.9 percent. These figures will be used as an estimate for long-term leverage because it is expected that AirThread will maintain a leverage ratio that is constant with the industry. From this the relevered equity beta is found to be 0.9847 which will give an equity rate of return of 9.42 percent. The rate of return on debt will be 5.5 percent. This is the percentage of debt because it is the interest rate of the 10 year U.S. Treasury bond. The WACC is now found to be 7.80 percent. Next, the long-term growth rate of 2.9 percent will be assumed to stay constant. In order to determine the FCF 2013 FCF 2012 of $315.60 will be multiplied by the growth rate. This will give a FCF 2013 of $323.48. The FCF 2013 will then be divided by the WACC minus growth rate. By doing this the PV of terminal value is found to be approximately $4.6 billion. To see the calculations for this step refer to Exhibit 3 in the
Based on the information in the case, Pepsi could invest US$360 million in exchange for 30% equity of Deltex. So we have to calculate the value of 30% equity of Deltex. First, we calculated the discount factor by using average unlevered beta of US independent bottlers, US 10 year Treasury bond as risk free rate and assuming market risk premium 10%. We came up with 9.83% of WACC. Next, we calculated Deltex free cash flow and terminal value and then converted them into US dollar value. Now with WACC and total cash flow, we had NPV of the company. So we deducted current debt from NPV and came up with the value of US$360M investment equal to 59.99% of Deltex equity. So the proposal to buy 30% of Deltex with US$360M is too expensive to PepsiCo and not attractive to PepsiCo.
They barely invested in anything (21). They also covered most of the lost from operations from financing a lot of their money. They took out a large bank loan and increase their debt. Stockholder also had to forgo their money to help keep the company from going down even further. In 1994 it was bad for stockholder but at least they got a dividend, unlike in 1995 when they had dues and no dividends. In 1995 it seems like they are planning something because they started investing over 16 times more than 1994 (from 21 to 330). This could mean they see opportunity coming in the near future. They lowered the lost from operation but still have high
Discounted Cash Flow Method takes the forecast free cash flows during forecasted horizon. Then we estimate the cost of capital (weighted average cost of capital) and estimate continuing value (value after forecast horizon). The future value is discounted to the present value. We than add back cash ($13 Million) and non-current assets and deduct total debt. With the information provided several assumptions had to be made to obtain reasonable values (life period of 30-years, Capital expenditures not to exceed $1 million dollars, depreciation to stay constant at $1.15 Million and a discounted rate of 10%). Based on our analysis, the company has a stand-alone value of $51 Million at the end of fiscal year end 1990 with a net present value of cash flows of $33 million that does not include the cash and non-current assets a cash of and non-current assets.
Since its creation, Nike has proven itself as a popular brand and it has created niches by selling products such as footwear, apparels and various types of sports equipment. This paper will attempt to trace the product development of Nike shoes from its origins in conception and design to the manufacturing and production process located in contract factories in developing countries to advertising and marketing of Nike as a cultural commodity and finally, the retailing of the footwear around the world.
The sensitivity analysis revealed that Nike was undervalued at a discount rates below 11.17%, when we calculated the WACC our solution was 9.87%. Any estimate below the prescribed discount rate means the stock is undervalued, therefore, it is undervalued and this implies that Nike is a buy stock.
The WACC is basically computed by the sum of multiplying the costs per component to its respective proportional weight (how much that company uses a certain cost of capital) [See Appendix 1]. As financial management is focused on the maximization of the stock price, an optimal structure of costs based on these three factors is needed.
There are numerous costs of production for Nike Company which can be placed into two categories: fixed costs and variable. Fixed costs are those that remain the same for all production and variable costs change with each project. The organization’s manufacturing process, machinery, research and development costs make up the fixed costs. On the other hand, administration, distribution, labor and raw material are the variable costs. All of these are required in the organizations operation to ensure that it remains profitable. Production cost for each shoe is between $30 and $100 and they are sold at $100 to $300. Therefore, the organization stands a good chance of making a profit (Nike, Inc., 2012).
During the last few years, Harry Davis Industries has been too constrained by the high cost of capital to make many capital investments. Recently, though, capital costs have been declining, and the company has decided to look seriously at a major expansion program that had been proposed by the marketing department. Assume that you are an assistant to Leigh Jones, the financial vice president. Your first task is to estimate Harry Davis’s cost of capital. Jones has provided you with the following data, which she believes may be relevant to your task.
The estimates of cost of capital for equity 6.14% are making by using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to generate forecast of DDM and RIM. This method is defined by the sum of risk free rate plus beta that multiplied with a risk premium. Particularly, the beta, which is a quantitative measure of the volatility of company stock relative to the unstable of the overall market, found in JB HI-FI case at 0.56 (JB HI-FI financial statement 2016). It
Nike American Sportswear generated revenue of 7495 million US dollars in 2014, which was almost double of 2009 revenue of Nike Sportswear (Statista, 2015).The sales of (Athletic) Sportswear of Nike 90 million US dollars, however, the sale of Adidas Sportswear (Competitor of Nike) was 25 million US dollars, which was not even one third of Nike Sportswear sales (Statista, 2015).Nonetheless, the return on assets and equity are 13.41% and 26.43% respectively (Yahoo Finanace, 2015).
Consumers must be aware of the changes that might occur in Nike through media and social awareness
This report is for individual or institutional investors who want to diversify their portfolio by investing in sportswear retail industry. Given the positive announcement of its high profit, it is suggested that JD sports Fashion Plc is undervalued and a final justification will be made in this report. The report will provide in-depth analysis of JD sports Plc. that includes the following content:
The marketing goals are: Increase customer retention, Increase eCommerce Sales, Increase our Community Involvement. The first goal specifically works towards reaching 60% repeat sales through different promotional strategies like emotional marketing and sponsoring different professional athletes. Customer retention is extremely important to maintain Nike’s market leader position. Increasing eCommerce is a major focus for Nike. Last year we were able to increase our eCommerce sales by a profitable 51%. Our second goal is to continue this trend by increasing online sales by 50% every year for the next four years. It is our belief that doing so will solidify Nike as a leader in the online athletic market. Nike truly believes that sport can change