Nida's Theory Of Direct Translation Practices

Introduction Translation approaches provide guidance for translation practices, meanwhile, translation practices stimulate the development/emergence of various/different kinds of translation approaches. Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet proposed two methods for translation which are direct translation and oblique translation. In direct translation they suggest three procedures: borrowing, calque and literal translation while in oblique translation they suggest four procedures: transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation. However, these seven procedures were based on the stylistics of French and English and cannot applied to all kinds of translation practices. They also have limitations in (practices). In addition, Translation equivalence is one of the most important translation approaches over decades. Several prominent discussions were made about translation equivalence. Among these discussions Eugene Nida's theory of formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence were the most well known theories. They were widely use in many translation practices.

1.Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet: direct translation and oblique translation

In their book A Methodology for Translation, Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet condense countless translation methods and procedures to two methods which was divided into seven specific procedures.

Nida's 'equivalent response' determines the success of translation. However, Qian Hu suggests that this kind of equivalent response is impossible to achieve. He mentioned that translators as audiences of source texts their speculation will also vary due to the different personality, education, world-view,-and all the other elements which create an individual-if they do not watch the source text carefully, their individual products could appear to have emerged from entirely different source texts. These circumstances are obvious especially in literal text